<p>The Masonic Temple Building located at 133 Fayetteville Street in Raleigh, North Carolina was the state&#39;s first reinforced concrete skyscraper. Constructed in 1907 by Grand Lodge of North Carolina, the building represents the growth of Raleigh in the early 20th century and rise of the influence of Masons. The Masonic Temple Building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 and is a Raleigh Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>It&#39;s one of two Raleigh places of the same name on the National Register of Historic Places, the other being the Masonic Temple Building located on Blount Street, which was also built in 1907.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The seven-story Masonic Temple Building was designed by South Carolina architect Charles McMillan and built by Carolina Construction Co. Upon completion, the building was praised for its innovative construction due to the use of reinforced concrete, a new concept in building materials. The design is a conservative and classic example of the tri-partite skyscraper composition developed by Louis Sullivan. The first three floors are covered with Indiana limestone. The rest of the building consists of light brick ornamented with terra cotta.</p><br>
<p>One year after the founding of Raleigh in 1792, the first Masonic lodge, Democratic Lodge, No. 21, opened. Due to increased membership, the Masons raised funds for the construction of a new temple. The Masonic Temple Building, once used by local lodges and the state Grand Lodge, contained retailers on the first floor and offices throughout the rest of the building. The Masons sold the property on Dec 2, 1946 to Land&#39;s, Inc. The Grand Lodge moved to its current site at 2921 Glenwood Ave and the Masonic Temple groups relocated to the former Josephus Daniels House. Today, the downtown building continues to provide commercial and office space.</p><br>
<p>Montfort Hall is a home and registered historic landmark located in the Boylan Heights neighborhood of Raleigh, North Carolina. It is one of the few mansions in Raleigh that survived during the American Civil War era. The house was built for William Montfort Boylan in 1858 and is an example of Italianate architecture. The centerpiece of the house&#39;s interior is a rotunda supported by four Corinthian columns and lit by a stained glass window located on the roof. Montfort Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 as Montford Hall and is a Raleigh Historic Landmark. The building is currently being developed into a 10-room boutique inn.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>William Montfort Boylan, known as “Buck,” was the youngest son of prominent Raleigh businessman, William Boylan. The younger Boylan was born in the former home of Joel Lane after his father purchased the Wakefield Plantation in 1818. In addition to Wakefield, the senior Boylan owned plantations in neighboring Johnston and Chatham counties and in Mississippi, making him one of the wealthiest men in North Carolina. In 1855 Boylan deeded his son William 100 acre of Wakefield land.</p><br>
<p>William Montfort Boylan chose William Percival to design his home in 1858. In addition to designing Montfort Hall, some of Percivals work included renovations to the State Capitol and designing the New East and New West dormitories at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill. William Montfort Boylan died in 1899. In 1907 the former plantation land around Montfort Hall was sold and subdivided as Boylan Heights, one of Raleighs first planned suburban neighborhoods. Since then, Montfort Hall has passed through a succession of owners, but the building still retains much of its original character.</p><br>
<h2>Hotel</h2><br>
<p>Montfort Hall was bought in June, 2018 by Jeff and Sarah Shepherd. The property will be converted into a 10-room boutique inn.</p><br>
<p>The Convent of Mercy, known today as the St. Francis Place Condominiums, is a small complex of historic Roman Catholic religious buildings in Mobile, Alabama, United States. It consists of two buildings, the former convent and the former school. They were added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 24, 1992 as a part of the Historic Roman Catholic Properties in Mobile Multiple Property Submission. It, along with the Convent and Academy of the Visitation, is one of two surviving historic convent complexes in Mobile.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Sisters of Mercy first came to Mobile in 1884 with the new bishop, Dominic Manucy, for service in St. Josephs Parish. Their social works mission included visiting the sick in their homes, the destitute in the poorhouse and the imprisoned in the jails. They also performed instruction in schools and prepared sacramentals. They founded St. Josephs School, later to be called the Convent of Mercy Academy, in St. Joseph&#39;s Parish in 1895.</p><br>
<p>The cornerstone for a new -story Baroque Revival–style building was laid on September 8, 1908. It was designed by architect A. H. Downey as a combination convent and school to replace the former frame structures. The student body grew over the next two decades to the extent that a new 3-story brick building was built to the rear of the existing building in 1928. It would serve as the school, while the 1908 building would serve as the convent. The school closed in 1968 and the Sisters moved their convent to another Mobile location in 1969. The former school building served to house the Empress Chandelier Company for a time. Then, in 2002, the complex was restored and renovated to house the St. Francis Place Condominiums.</p><br>
<p>The Old Marine Hospital is a historic medical building at 20 Franklin Street in Charleston, South Carolina. Built 1831–33 to a design by Robert Mills, it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973 for its association with Mills, and as a high-quality example of Gothic Revival architecture. The hospital was built as a public facility for the treatment of sick sailors and other transient persons.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Old Marine Hospital is located in the historic center of Charleston, on the east side of Franklin Street, just south of the Old Charleston Jail. It is a two-story masonry structure, with a hip roof and a raised, arcaded basement that is a characteristic Mills element. A two-story porch extends across the seven-bay facade, with entrances to the porch at the end bays, which have two-story Gothic arches. The porch bays are articulated by clusters of columns, and the iron railings also have a Gothic motif. The main entrance is at the center of the facade, with flanking bays containing tall Gothic windows. When originally built, the building had two long wings extending from its rear; these were damaged by fire and removed during restoration work.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The City of Charleston undertook its operation in 1834, charging arriving ships a fee to support its operation. During the Civil War, it was used for Confederate forces as well as seamen. It was badly damaged by Union bombardment.</p><br>
<p>From 1866 to 1870, the Episcopal Church ran a school for African American children. In March 1893, Rev. D.J. Jenkins requested that he be allowed to operate his orphanage for African American children in the site, but the building needed $3000 to $5000 in repairs. In 1895 to 1939, it was the home of the Jenkins Orphanage for young African American children. It was remodeled in 1939 for offices of the Housing Authority of Charleston.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1973. The building was named one of the African American Historic Places in South Carolina.</p><br>
<p>Acacia Lodge, also known as the Shourds-Price House, is a craftsman style home in Montecito near the City of Santa Barbara, California that is significant for its architecture and landscape design. It was built in 1917 as a rental lodge.</p><br>
<p>The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Per its nomination document, The building was constructed in 1917 by William Augustus Whittlesey Brownell, a local designer, building, and developer who developed a number of rental properties in the area of Acacia Lodge. Brownell designed each house inside and out, furnished each to the smallest detail, sited each to take advantage of mountain scenery, laid out the grounds, and choose and planted all flowers, trees, and shrubs from his own nursery. Acacia Lodge embodies the Arts and Crafts ideals of total, integrated design; unity with nature; and simple, clean, cozy, private living.</p><br>
<p>The house is distinguished as a cross between a traditional Craftsman house and a ranch, with large windows that open and close and that provide significantly more light inside than is normal for Craftsman homes.</p><br>
<p>Before its NRHP nomination, the property was nominated for listing in a local historic registry but the registry declined. The owner was subsequently invited to nominate the property for NRHP listing, which went through. The home is privately owned and not open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>W.A.W. Brownell</h2><br>
<p>William Augustus Whittlesey (W.A.W.) Brownell (died 1932) was a local architect and developer who practiced in Montecito for 25 years. He had earlier worked as a carpenter, including for the Southern Pacific Railroad.</p><br>
<p>His mother, Sylvia Brownell, and W.A.W. "built many of the houses in the area for investment purposes, to appeal to Easterners who were seeking the good climate year round or seasonally." At least eight houses are definitely attributed to Brownell:</p><br>
<p>Sylvia Brownell&#39;s home</p><br>
<p>W.A.W. Brownell&#39;s home (135 Miramar)</p><br>
<p>Wylbron Lodge,</p><br>
<p>Beverly Lodge,</p><br>
<p>Sylvan Lodge</p><br>
<p>Warren Lodge</p><br>
<p>"the Studio"</p><br>
<p>"the Little Home"</p><br>
<p>An additional seven are identified as likely works, because of similarities in architecture and proximity:</p><br>
<p>Acacia Lodge</p><br>
<p>Bungar Lodge (since modified significantly)</p><br>
<p>Frink Lodge</p><br>
<p>Hayes-Jaffray House</p><br>
<p>Hope Lodge</p><br>
<p>Mon Desir (since modified significantly)</p><br>
<p>Ethel M. Shaw House</p><br>
<p>Two houses, the J.N. Hull and Katenkamp houses, have been moved to other locations.</p><br>
<p>In mid-May 1861, U. S. Navy lieutenant William "Bull" Nelson armed Kentuckians loyal to the Union and that soon became the foundation for his receiving authority to enlist 10,000 troops for a campaign into East Tennessee. On August 6, 1861, those recruits marched into Camp Dick Robinson, making it the first Federal base south of the Ohio River. For Col. George C. Kniffen, "the wisdom of President Lincoln commissioning... Nelson to organize a military force on the soil of Kentucky" prevented making the state a "battle ground for many months" and it thereby changed the whole direction of the war. In 1864, Salmon P. Chase declared in a speech at Louisville "when Kentucky faltered, hesitated" in the early stages of the Civil War, that undecided "status was settled by WILLIAM NELSON, at Camp Dick Robinson." Six years later, Indiana Senator Daniel D. Pratt reported to the U. S. Senate that Camp Dick Robinson "was one of the most noted military encampments of the war.... From its admirable locality and advantages, it was almost indispensable for the successful operations of the" Civil War.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>With the outbreak of the Civil War in April 1861, a majority of the citizens in the Mercer, Boyle, Garrard, and Casey counties of Kentucky concluded that secession was "destructive of all permanent government and tending only to political chaos and anarchy." During the third week in May, key leaders obtained 700 muskets from U. S. N. Lt. William Nelson, and distributed those arms to loyal Home Guard troops. This gave them the ability to stand up to the secessionist State Guard and emboldened Kentuckians to elect nine of ten Union candidates on the single issue of keeping the state in the Union. That vote, on June 20, convinced Nelson that the charade of neutrality by both sides had ended.</p><br>
<p>Garrard County Judge Allen A. Burton went to Washington and urged President Lincoln to organize Union men into regiments. This idea called for audacious leadership and as Burton started to leave the Executive Mansion, he encountered Lieutenant Nelson and promptly recommended him for that mission. Nelson met with Tennessee senator Andrew Johnson, Secretary of Treasury Salmon P. Chase and others to formulate a plan of support for loyalists in East Tennessee. On July 1, 1861, Nelson was detached from the Navy with instructions to organize a force of 10,000 troops. Two weeks later, Nelson spoke with Union leaders from southeastern Kentucky at Lancaster and Crab Orchard. The later town was conveniently located at the south end of the turnpike in Garrard County and it was at the head of the Wilderness Road some sixty-five miles north of the Cumberland Gap. Nelson chose the old inn at Bryant Springs as his headquarters and it was agreed they would raise thirty companies of infantry and five of cavalry. Thomas E. Bramlette had one company in camp on July 20 and another on July 24, 1861.</p><br>
<h2>Hoskins Crossroads</h2><br>
<p>Some seven miles north of Lancaster and twelve miles from the rail depot at Nicholasville, Jessamine County, Richard M. Robinson owned 425 acres of first-class rolling pastureland at Hoskins Crossroads. Nelson considered this as a much better site for a camp of instruction and Robinson agreed to lease it to him. The main house was a profitable tavern with a storehouse, blacksmith shop, barn, mule-shed, and numerous outbuildings. The land extended one-half mile in either direction along the Danville and Lancaster Pikes and most importantly, it could sustain one thousand mules for four months out of the year. Water was supplied by numerous springs and the Dix River two miles west on the Danville Pike (USA 34). The high rugged banks of that river offered natural protection and there were "only three crossings." The upper road ran from Harrodsburg through Dicksville and to Bryantsville, the middle crossing (U. S. 34) connected Danville with Hoskins Cross Roads, the lower was the Lancaster and Danville Road. Ten miles north on the Lancaster Pike (USA 27) was Hickman Bridge (Wernwag Bridge), the largest single-span covered bridge in the world. This double-drive 256-foot bridge also provided the only passageway above Frankfort. On the Jessamine County side was a majestic 400-foot limestone palisade, and at the top, a pleasant four-mile journey led to Nicholasville, the terminus for the Covington & Lexington (Kentucky Central) Railroad.</p><br>
<p>On August 5, 1861, Union men in Kentucky elected seventy-six men to the House of Representatives versus the twenty-four men in the States Rights movement. In the Senate, the Unionists elected twenty-seven men versus eleven states rights men. That meant that out of 138 seats, there were now 103 (75 percent of the state legislature) who supported the Union. The following day, U. S. Congressman Charles A. Wickliffe informed his colleagues in the House that he had learned Kentucky "is wholly for the Union." Plans called for the recruits to encamp after the election, and Col. Speed S. Fry started a detachment of the Second Regiment Kentucky Volunteer Infantry (later the Fourth) toward Camp Dick Robinson. At dusk, the First Regiment Kentucky Cavalry welcomed them with a salute from a mountain howitzer.</p><br>
<p>The official dedication took place on August 10, and the following day the editor of the Louisville Journal, George D. Prentice, declared that intentions to supply these Union volunteers with arms was as "equipped for mischief as if it had been contrived... by the Devil himself." The "Covington Journal" gleefully reported that other Old Whigs "are making efforts to arrest the movement, and break up the camps." The perplexed Nelson wrote to Sen. John J. Crittenden that he did not understand why "a camp of loyal... Kentuckians" assembled under the flag of the Union... upon their native soil should be cause of apprehension."</p><br>
<p>On August 13, Nelson received additional instructions to those of July 1, 1861, that called for him to also "accept and muster in wherever offered regiments for service in Tennessee and Kentucky in such numbers and of such arms as you may consider necessary for the best interests of the country." That same morning thirteen carloads of food, military clothing, and arms went forward from Covington. On August 22, 1861, Nelson distributed the long-delayed weapons and equipment to the troops at Camp Dick Robinson.</p><br>
<p>Secretary Chase advised Garrett Davis the president would not "disavow, directly or by implication, the action of Lieutenant Nelson under the sanction of his own authority, given at the urgent instance of some of the wisest & best Union men in Ky. & Tenn." On August 26, Governor Beriah Magoffin received a reply from President Lincoln that stated Camp Dick Robinson was "established at the request of many Kentuckians." He said they were an "indigenous force" and therefore would "respectively decline to remove" them.</p><br>
<p>At the end of August, Nelson had 3,200 troops, 7,000 arms, and 6 pieces of artillery. There were 1,000 troops in Col. Robert K. Byrds First Regiment Tennessee Volunteer Infantry and Col. James P. T. Carters Second Regiment of Tennessee Volunteer Infantry. Col. Thomas E. Bramlettes, Third Regiment Kentucky Volunteer Infantry had about 600 men. Col. Speed S. Frys Fourth Regiment Kentucky Volunteer Infantry had about 600 men; and Col. Theophilus T. Garrard&#39;s Seventh Regiment Kentucky Volunteer Infantry about 600 men. The First Regiment Kentucky Volunteer Cavalry under Col. Frank Wolford had about 400 troops and Capt. John M. Hewitt, Battery B, First Kentucky Artillery about 20 men. At Knoxville, Confederate Brig. Gen. Felix K. Zollicoffer was informed that Nelson was being reinforced by another "400 or 500 per day."</p><br>
<p>Many believed the Confederates were about to make a two-column advance from Knoxville and Nashville that was to join with secessionists in Kentucky to "seize Frankfort, occupy Louisville, and carry the state out of the Union." That threat led Garrett Davis to say Camp Dick Robinson "must not be removed, even if it be the cause of civil war." Indiana Governor Oliver P. Morton feared "the conspiracy to precipitate Kentucky into a revolution is complete.... If we lose Kentucky now, God help us."</p><br>
<p>On September 3, all pretense of neutrality in Kentucky ended when Confederate troops moved up into western Kentucky and occupied Columbus. The Kentucky General Assembly promptly asked Governor Magoffin to "call out the military force of the State to expel and drive out the invaders."</p><br>
<h2>Change of command</h2><br>
<p>Brig. Gen. Robert Anderson had previously obtained permission to replace Lt. Nelson with a regular army officer, and on September 15, Brig. Gen. George H. Thomas assumed command at Camp Dick Robinson. Nelson received an appointment to Brigadier General of Volunteers with orders to raise another brigade and stop a Confederate incursion toward Lexington from eastern Kentucky. On September 19, Confederate troops under Brig. Gen. Felix Zollicoffer seized Barbourville, Kentucky, and made that a base of operations for an intended advance against Richmond and Lexington. Ten days later, President Lincoln wrote to Indiana&#39;s Governor Morton to say he hoped "Zollicoffer has left Cumberland Gap (though I fear he has not, because, it he has, I rather infer his dread of Camp Dick Robinson, reinforced from Cincinnati, moving on him, than because of his intention to move on Louisville."</p><br>
<p>There were some 6,000-8,000 Confederates at Barbourville, and Lincoln made a memorandum that he wanted a movement made about October 5 "to seize and hold a point on the railroad connecting Virginia and Tennessee near... Cumberland Gap." Thomas had 9,000 troops, and he ordered those previously assembled by Nelson beyond Crab Orchard and east into the Rockcastle Hills to keep the enemy from coming north on the Wilderness Road. On October 21, those Union volunteers defeated the Confederates at the Battle of Camp Wildcat.</p><br>
<p>At the end of November, Thomas went in pursuit of Zollicoffer near Somerset, and Camp Dick Robinson continued to serve as a receiving area for new troops that joined in the Battle of Mill Springs on January 19, 1862. That victory enabled the Army of the Ohio to march into middle Tennessee and occupy Nashville in late February.</p><br>
<h2>Second phase</h2><br>
<p>In August 1862, Confederate Maj. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith entered Kentucky with 12,000 troops that he advanced against Richmond and Lexington. Kirby Smith ordered the dispersal of the Garrard County Home Guard on September 27, and Maj. Gen. Braxton Bragg directed that the Confederate depot at Danville "be transferred as rapidly as practicable to Bryantsville and Camp Dick Robinson, where all supplies will in the future be concentrated." Bragg then ordered the establishment of "a camp of instruction for new troops... at or near the site of Old Camp Dick Robinson, to be known as Camp Breckinridge." The recruits were to form at Bryantsville and report to Simon Bolivar Buckner who had arms and ammunition ready to issue to them.</p><br>
<p>Some ten days later, Bragg discovered during the bloody Battle of Perryville the Army of the Ohio outnumbered him and he chose to withdraw from Kentucky. On October 13, his troops departed from Camp Breckinridge. Three days later, the Third Regiment Ohio Volunteer Cavalry arrived at Camp Dick Robinson and found Col. W. A. Hoskins in charge of stores abandoned by the Confederate Army.</p><br>
<p>In the early spring of 1863, plans to conduct the long-neglected East Tennessee expedition led to Maj. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnsides becoming commander of the newly reformed Army of the Ohio. Those troops departed from Camp Nelson on August 12, and nine days later, the largest concourse ever assembled in Garrard County" observed the re-interment of William "Bull" Nelson behind the original headquarters home at Camp Dick Robinson.</p><br>
<h2>After the Civil War</h2><br>
<p>The government lease of the Richard M. Robinson farm ended on June 1, 1865. The following month, friends and associates of William Nelson commemorated his service by raising a huge silk flag up a 130-foot pole beside his grave on July 4. Two years later, citizens angered over federal policies in Kentucky cut the flagpole down. The monies due Colonel Robinson for the use of his home and land from 1862 to 1865 remained due, and he filed claim right after this incident. In June 1869, he died bankrupt at age 51. The claim had not been satisfied, and a Congressional committee recommended that his widow, Margaret P. Robinson, be paid $7,420 for rent. The Quartermaster General denied the rest of the claim, and it took a joint resolution to approve the payment of $5,878.30 on July 15, 1870.</p><br>
<p>By 1872, the great significance that once surrounded Camp Dick Robinson was gone, and Matilda Nelson Stockton had the remains of her brother, Maj. Gen. William Nelson, removed to the family plot at Maysville Cemetery. Margaret P. Robinson sold part of the farm in 1884, and eleven years later Lynn Hudson sold the home and 335 acres. In 1905, Hudson sold the last parcel of land associated with Camp Dick Robinson. The year before, Margaret P. Robinson had sued the U. S. government for reimbursement of $1,030.15 for lodging of troops, pasturage of cattle, and 980 bushels of salt supplied to troops in Tuscumbia, Alabama. In late 1906, the court decided that $227 represented a "reasonable" amount still due her.</p><br>
<h2>Present</h2><br>
<p>In 1990, the National Register of Historic Places added the Robinson house to the listings for Garrard County. New owners subsequently added a brick facade which led to the removal of the building from the register. The original appearance of the land suffered as a result of road development along USA 27, and work was done to establish a new marker.</p><br>
<p>The Powder Magazine is a gunpowder magazine and museum at 79 Cumberland Street in Charleston, South Carolina, USA. Completed in 1713, it is the oldest surviving public building in the former Province of Carolina. It was used as a gunpowder store through the American Revolutionary War, and later saw other uses. The Powder Magazine was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1989. It has been operated as a museum by the National Society of the Colonial Dames of America since the early 1900s. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Charleston Powder Magazine is located in the historic center of Charleston, on the south side of Cumberland Street, between Church and Meeting Streets. It is a single-story square structured, with stuccoed brick walls 32 in thick, and an original red tile roof that is pyramidal with intersecting gables. Each wall of the building boasts a large arch. The walls get thinner as they reach the top of the arch, changing from three feet thick, near the ground, to just a few inches thick near the top. There are also few doors in the building, so that in the event of an explosion, most of the explosive force would exit through the roof, with the arches acting like funnels. Sand stored in the roof would then smother and put out the fire.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the building was authorized by the Province of Carolina in 1703, during Queen Anne&#39;s War, as part of a series of fortifications, but it was not completed until 1713. It was used as a powder magazine until late in the American Revolutionary War, after which it saw a variety of other uses, including as a wine cellar for Gabriel Manigault. The local chapter of the National Society of the Colonial Dames of America acquired the building in 1902, and now operates it as a museum, which includes historic artifacts and displays about the building during the Colonial and American Revolution periods.</p><br>
<p>The Robert Barnwell Rhett House is a historic house at 6 Thomas Street in Charleston, South Carolina. A National Historic Landmark, it is significant as the home of Robert Barnwell Rhett, a leading secessionist politician. He opposed John C. Calhoun to lead the Bluffton Movement for separate state action on the Tariff of 1842. Rhett was one of the leading fire-eaters at the Nashville Convention of 1850, which failed to endorse his aim of secession.</p><br>
<p>The house was likely built by James Legare in a proper classical manner. Legare sold the house in 1856 to Robert Barnwell Rhett, who made it his home until 1863. During that time, his son, newspaper editor Robert Barnwell Rhett Jr., also occupied the house. George Trenholm bought the house from Rhett in 1863 but kept it only until 1866. Theodore Wagner next bought the house but very quickly resold it to a trustee for Susan Hanckel for $10,000 in 1867. The Hanckels held the house for about 70 years before selling it to the Shahid family in 1940.</p><br>
<p>The house has an enduring bit of Charleston lore associated with it. Along Vanderhorst St. (bordering the property to the south) are large and very decorative iron gates. The set of gates to the west is said to have been the spot where a woman bid farewell to her fiancé, telling him as he left that she would not reopen the gates until he returned. The man was killed in the Civil War, and no subsequent occupant of the house has reopened the gates to this day; they remain locked shut.</p><br>
<p>The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The Denton County Courthouse-on-the-Square is the former courthouse of Denton County located in the county seat Denton, Texas. The Denton County Courthouse-on-the-Square was constructed in 1896. In addition to county offices, the "Courthouse-on-the-Square Museum" also calls it home. The courthouse is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Courthouse is also the final resting place of John B. Denton, the countys and citys namesake.</p><br>
<p>In 1918, a monument to Confederate Soldiers was gifted to Denton by the local chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy and placed on the grounds of the Courthouse-on-the-Square. The monument was titled "Our Confederate Soldiers" and contained separate drinking water fountains at the base, with one side etched "whites" and the other "colored." The monument was removed on June 23, 2020, following decades of protest urging its removal, with the Denton County Commissioners citing the safety of the artifact as the reason for it being removed.</p><br>
<h2>Courthouse-on-the-Square Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Courthouse-on-the-Square Museum is located at the Denton County Courthouse-on-the-Square. The museum is one of three Denton County museums, which also include the Bayless-Selby House Museum, and the Denton County African American Museum - both of which are located offsite.</p><br>
<p>The Courthouse-on-the-Square Museum focuses on the history and culture of Denton County. Exhibits include African American and Hispanic heritage, farming, weapons, dolls, Southwest American Indian and Denton County pottery, furniture, and special collections of American pressed blue glass, thimbles, Pecan folk art and quilts.</p><br>
<p>The Robert William Roper House is an early-nineteenth-century house of architectural importance located at 9 East Battery in Charleston, South Carolina. It was built on land purchased in May 1838 by Robert W. Roper, a state legislator from the parish of St. Paul&#39;s, and a prominent member of the South Carolina Agricultural Society, whose income derived from his position as a cotton planter and slave holder. The house is considered to be an exemplar of Greek Revival architecture, built on a monumental scale. Although there are now two houses between Roper House and White Point Garden to the south, for a decade after its construction nothing stood between the house and the harbor beyond, making it the first and most prominent house to be seen by visitors approaching Charleston by sea.</p><br>
<p>The Roper House was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>1838–1851 (Robert and Martha Roper)</h3><br>
<p>In 1836, the city of Charleston completed a new sea wall at the southeastern tip of the city, and contemplated building a park along South Bay Street extending north along East Bay Street. Short of funds, the city decided instead to subdivide the East Bay land into nine lots and sell them to pay for a smaller park along the South Battery. In May 1838, Robert W. Roper bought "Lot 5" and "Lot 6" (each with fifty feet of frontage along East Bay Street), the deed containing one restriction: "...that no house less than three stories high shall be erected thereon." In August 1839, having built his house tight to the north property line, Roper bought an additional eleven feet of frontage (part of "Lot 7") from his northerly neighbor, Isaac E. Holmes, an acquisition that allowed Roper to run a driveway around the north side of his house to the two-story carriage house at the back of the lot. When Roper died in 1845 he left to his wife, Martha Rutledge Roper, "his 560-acre Point Comfort Plantation with ninety-six slaves and the East Battery house." In April 1848, title to the house (including all 111 feet of East Bay frontage) was transferred to her, and in 1851, Mrs. Roper sold the house to Mary Coachman Allston.</p><br>
<h3>1851–1874 (Allston & Ravenel Era)</h3><br>
<p>After Robert Roper bought part of "Lot 7" in 1839, the remainder of the lot fell into foreclosure and was sold at auction in 1842 to William Ravenel, a shipping merchant. Ravenel built a house in 1845, its colonnade nearly as grand as Ropers, featuring four monumental columns crowned with Grecian capitals modeled after the Tower of the Winds in Athens. Because the lot was narrow, Ravenel (or his architect) ingeniously ran a driveway through the ground floor of the house, with "the carriage entrance, running under the drawing-room." Nevertheless, Ravenel must have coveted Ropers slice of "Lot 7" and got a chance to get it when Mary Allston died. Her will was proved in July 1859, after which her executors sold Roper House to Ravenel. The two houses remained in common ownership through the Civil War years, but when Ravenel sold Roper House in 1874 to Rudolph Siegling, he reconfigured the property lines, retaining all of "Lot 7" and part of "Lot 6." Once again, Roper House sat tight to its northern property line, forcing Siegling to run a driveway across the south lawn, a conundrum eventually solved when the property was extended to create a service entrance at Church Street.</p><br>
<p>In the summer of 1864, during the Civil War, Maj. Edward Manigault made an entry in his diary: "The Roper House has had the architectural projection of the porch blown away by a shell." After two years of shelling by Union troops, the houses along East Battery stood vacant. In February 1865, near the end of the war, Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman (having completed his March to the Sea ending at Savannah) crossed into South Carolina. On the evening of February 17, Confederate troops began to evacuate the city, destroying artillery too heavy to move, including a large Blakely canon at the corner of South Battery and East Battery. According to one writer, as a result of the blast "a six-foot-long, 2,000-pound piece of the Blakely&#39;s tube came to rest in the attic, where it remains to this day."</p><br>
<h3>1874–1929 (Siegling Family)</h3><br>
<p>Rudolph Siegling bought Roper House in August 1874, but one year later was still living at 189 King Street. He may have been renovating prior to taking occupancy, but in the 1878 Charleston Directory, he was living at Roper House, and by the time of the 1880 census, he was living there with his mother, his sister Elizabeth and his brother-in-law, John Horlbeck, a member of a family of architects and masons. Siegling, the son of the Prussian-born music publisher Johann Siegling, was himself a successful lawyer and publisher of Charleston&#39;s The News & Courier. By 1874, Roper House was in need of a renovation and Siegling had the wherewithal to pay for one.</p><br>
<p>From at least 1851 until 1874, a masonry wall, with rusticated piers and balusters, separated the Roper House garden from East Battery. Sometime after his purchase, but before 1886, Siegling replaced the wall with an iron fence, and replaced the war-damaged neoclassical porch (which was supported by two ionic columns) with an Italianate doorway. Siegling also modified two tripartite windows on the north facade, blocking up the flanking windows, and replacing the 6 part sash of the central windows with the then more fashionable 2 part style of sash. It is reasonable to infer that prior to Sieglings occupancy, all of Roper Houses windows were the 6 part sash used ubiquitously in 1838.</p><br>
<p>On August 31, 1886, during Sieglings tenure at Roper House, Charleston was struck by a powerful earthquake resulting in sixty deaths, and tremendous damage to the citys structures. Next door, the portico of William Ravenels house collapsed, but Roper House suffered minor damage — the east and north facades cracked, requiring patching and anchorage, but the monumental portico escaped unscathed; the Charleston city engineer pronounced it to be in "good" condition. In the years after the earthquake, Siegling demolished the old carriage house, and replaced it with a rear wing to the main house, faithfully reproducing Roper Houses neoclassical bracketed cornice and balustrade. The new wing included a kitchen and a sixty-foot long ballroom. The house as altered by Siegling is very much the house as it exists today.</p><br>
<h3>1929–1952 (Solomon Guggenheim)</h3><br>
<p>Solomon Guggenheim, heir to a copper mining fortune, but better known for having established the Guggenheim Museum, bought Roper House in late 1929 or early 1930 from Rudolph Sieglings daughter-in-law, Lucille L. Siegling. Guggenheim used the house as an occasional winter getaway, and his principal contributions to the appearance of the house were to maintain it well for two decades, and to convert Rudolph Sieglings ballroom to extra bedrooms. Guggenheim died in 1949 and his heirs sold the house three years later.</p><br>
<h3>1952–1968 (Drayton Hastie)</h3><br>
<p>In May 1952, Mr. and Mrs. J. Drayton Hastie, owners of Magnolia Gardens, bought Roper House, making an apartment for themselves on the upper floor, and another for Hasties recently widowed mother, Mrs. C. Norwood Hastie, on the main floor. Beginning in 1953, Mrs. Hasties elegant apartment was a regular feature on the annual house tours conducted by the Historic Charleston Foundation, and was photographed in 1956 by Samuel and Narcissa Chamberlain for their book Southern Interiors of Charleston, South Carolina. In 1968, Drayton Hastie sold the house to Richard Jenrette but reserved a life tenancy on the main floor for his mother. Mrs. Hastie continued to live at Roper House until her death in 1981.</p><br>
<h3>1968–2018 (Richard H. Jenrette)</h3><br>
<p>Richard Jenrette, a New York financier, well-known preservationist and collector of significant historic houses, bought Roper House in 1968, and took full possession in 1981 at the end of Mrs. Hastie&#39;s life tenancy. Over the next two years, he engaged the decorative painter Robert Jackson to marbleize the walls, installed blue and gold curtains, put down Scalamandré carpeting, furnished the principal rooms with a suite of Duncan Phyfe furniture, and hung portraits of George Washington and Andrew Jackson over the mantels. Kenneth and Martha Severens, writing in The Magazine Antiques, described it as "an exemplary restoration." Mr. Jenrette wrote two books about his half-century tenure at Roper House: Adventures with Old Houses (2005) and Columns by the Sea (2013). Jenrette died at Roper House on April 22, 2018.</p><br>
<h3>2018–Present (RHJF)</h3><br>
<p>Roper House is currently owned by the Richard Hampton Jenrette Foundation, created by Richard Jenrette in 1993.</p><br>
<h3>Gallery of site plans</h3><br>
<p>ROPER HOUSE - 1838-1839 Lot Lines.jpgSketch of Lots 5 and 6, purchased by Robert Roper in 1838, and part of Lot 7 purchased in 1839.</p><br>
<p>ROPER HOUSE -1874 Lot Lines.jpgSketch of lot lines of Roper House in 1874, as reconfigured by William Ravenel in 1874.</p><br>
<p>ROPER HOUSE - 1929 Lot Lines.jpg1929 survey showing Roper House property extended to Church Street.</p><br>
<h2>Attribution</h2><br>
<p>The architect of Roper House is unknown and is likely to remain so, as no documentation has been found for nearly two centuries. In 1973, the authors of the nomination form for the National Register of Historic Places speculated that the architect Edward B. White “probably designed” the house, an idea first proposed by the historian Samuel Gaillard Stoney in 1953. Stoney called Roper House a "distinguished piece of classic revival designing," adding that "who Robert William Roper had for his architect is not now known, but the versatile and able Edward Brickell White, who designed many of the city&#39;s finest buildings...had just begun to practice in Charleston. There is a high likelihood of his being the architect."</p><br>
<p>Other candidates have been proposed: Kenneth and Martha Severens wrote in 1990 that, "circumstantial and stylistic evidence suggest that Charles F. Reichardt may have been the architect...the most persuasive argument for Reichardt as the architect of the Roper House is stylistic: the colossal five-columned piazza along the south side reflects similarly monumental colonnades on Reichardt&#39;s Meeting Street Theater, Charleston Hotel and Guard House."</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Richard H. Jenrette. Columns by the Sea (New York: Classical American Homes Preservation Trust, 2013).</p><br>
<p>Richard H. Jenrette. Adventures with Old Houses (Charleston: Wyrick & Co., 2000).</p><br>
<p>Kenneth and Martha Severens, "The Robert William Roper House, Charleston, South Carolina," The Magazine Antiques, May 1990.</p><br>
<p>Kenneth W. Severens. Charleston Antebellum Architecture and Civic Destiny (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1988).</p><br>
<p>Vance Muse, "The Man who Loves Houses," House & Garden, August 1986.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Chamberlain and Narcissa G. Chamberlain. Southern Interiors of Charleston, South Carolina (New York: Hastings House, 1956), pages 112–114.</p><br>
<p>Alice R. Huger Smith and D. E. Huger Smith. The Dwelling Houses of Charleston South Carolina (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1917), pages 182–184.</p><br>
<p>The Edward Rutledge House, also known as the Carter-May House and now The Governor&#39;s House Inn, is a historic house at 117 Broad Street in Charleston, South Carolina. This 18th-century house was the home of Founding Father Edward Rutledge , a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence and later Governor of South Carolina. Despite many changes to the house, it retains its 18th-century core dating to about 1760, and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Edward Rutledge House is located in historic Charleston, at the southwest corner of Broad and Orange Streets. It is a large Charleston double house, two stories in height, with a hip roof and clapboard siding. It is oriented as many Charleston houses are, with a two-story porch facing to the right side. The facade facing Broad Street has a gable at the center of the roof, which is fully pedimented and has modillions lining its outline. An entrance is located in the center of the main five bays, topped by a transom window and gabled pediment, and flanked by sidelight windows. The interior, which has undergone much alteration due to varied uses of the house, still retains some of its original features.</p><br>
<p>The house is most notable as the home of Edward Rutledge, a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence. Rutledge, a South Carolina native, was trained in England in the law, and had by the time of the American Revolution established a law practice in Charleston. He served in the First and Second Continental Congresses, and spent time during the American Revolutionary War as a prisoner of war, having been captured in the 1780 Siege of Charleston. He served as Governor of South Carolina from 1798 to his death in 1800.</p><br>
<p>The home is now a bed and breakfast. Images of the renovations can be seen on its website.</p><br>
<p>The Governor John Rutledge House is a historic house at 116 Broad Street in Charleston, South Carolina. Completed in 1763 by an unknown architect, it was the home of Founding Father John Rutledge, a Governor of South Carolina and a signer of the United States Constitution. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The John Rutledge House is located in historic Charleston, on the north side of Broad Street, opposite its junction with Orange Street, and the Edward Rutledge House, the home of John&#39;s brother. It is a tall three-story structure, rendered even taller by its placement on a raised basement. It has a hip roof with a front-facing gable, stuccoed walls, and corner quoining. The front facade is distinguished by an ornate two-story wrought iron balcony, which is believed to have been made by Christopher Werner.</p><br>
<p>The house was built as a two-story structure for John Rutledge in 1763, by which time he had already established a successful law practice. Rutledge played a significant role in organizing the Patriot forces of South Carolina during the American Revolutionary War, serving as the state&#39;s executive for much of the conflict. He also attended the Constitutional Convention of 1787, and is a signer of the United States Constitution. The house passed out of his family, and was enlarged by the addition of the third story in 1853 by Thomas M. Gadsden. The house served as a law office in the 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>John Rutledge House Inn</h2><br>
<p>In 1989, the house was renovated and opened to the public as the John Rutledge House Inn.</p><br>
<p>The inn has 19 guest rooms, ranging from standard hotel rooms to large suites. 11 of these rooms are located in the main house, with the remaining 8 being in the carriage houses (located at the rear of the property). In addition to the guest rooms, the house contains a ball room (open to the public), which is used for afternoon tea as well as breakfast.</p><br>
<p>The John Rutledge House has received a 4 diamond rating from AAA, and is a member of both the Select Registry and Historic Hotels of America.</p><br>
<p>Tabby Manse, also known as Thomas Fuller House, is a building in Beaufort, South Carolina.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The house is one of the few remaining early buildings on the South Carolina coast whose exterior walls are built of tabby, a material composed of whole oysters shells and lime from crushed oyster shells. The walls are more than two-feet thick and covered with stucco scored to look like stone blocks. It was built around 1786 by Thomas Fuller, a prominent local planter.</p><br>
<p>Tabby Manse is noted for its classical proportions and superb construction. It is one of only a handful of remaining early American residences whose exterior walls are made entirely of tabby.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Thomas Fuller, a rice and cotton planter built this house, first known as the Fuller mansion as a wedding gift to his bride, Elizabeth Middleton. Descended from Henry Woodward, the first English settler in South Carolina, Elizabeth was a member of three of the most prominent colonial South Carolina families—the Barnwells, the Bulls, and the Middletons. Her great-grandfather, John "Tuscarora Jack" Barnwell, subdued the Indians in the Carolinas, and her first cousin, Arthur Middleton, signed the United States Declaration of Independence.</p><br>
<p>Upon settling in Sheldon and Beaufort, Thomas Fuller made a fortune as a planter. He and Elizabeth reared their twelve children here, the most prominent being two Harvard-educated sons---Dr. Thomas Fuller, Jr., physician, and Dr. Richard Fuller, lawyer turned Baptist minister, who became a nationally famous preacher and spearheaded the founding of the Southern Baptist Convention.</p><br>
<p>The Federal occupation of Beaufort immediately following the Battle of Port Royal on November 7, 1861, early in the American Civil War, swept away the Fullers, their friends, and their way of life. In early 1862 the Reverend Mansfield French, a Methodist minister sponsored by the American Missionary Association, headed an expedition to Beaufort to care for abandoned slaves and occupied this house. When in 1864 the house was auctioned to pay Federal real estate taxes, French purchased it. Active in Republican politics, he sought unsuccessfully to become the first United States senator of the Reconstruction era from South Carolina. His son, Winchell, founded a Republican newspaper here, The Beaufort Tribune.</p><br>
<p>In the 1870s when Winchell went bankrupt and moved to Florida, the French family transferred title to Winchells wife, Emmeline Morrill, a native of Quebec. Her sister, Almira Morrill Onthank, and Almiras nieces, Emma Onthank and Alma and Clara Greenwood, opened a guest house here, which they named Tabby Manse and operated for almost 100 years.</p><br>
<p>Francis Griswold wrote A Sea Island Lady while staying here in the 1930s, vividly describing the interior as the heart of the house he called Marshlands in his famous novel of the Civil War, patterned after Gone With the Wind by Margaret Mitchell.</p><br>
<p>In 1969 a Beaufort native, George Graham Trask, and his wife, Constance Claire Bowen, purchased Tabby Manse from the Greenwood heirs, marking only the third time in almost 200 years the house has changed hands from one family group to another. They restored the dwelling, added a modern kitchen, and created the gardens. Their children---Graham, Christian, and Claire---were the first to grow up here in more than a century.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Tabby Manse gathers its essential architectural features from the inspiration of Andrea Palladio, the 16th-century Vicentine architect of country villas, and from the style of English country houses. These twin influences also inspired Thomas Jefferson in his contemporaneous design of Monticello, the most famous Palladian-style house in America.</p><br>
<p>The floor plan of Tabby Manse is symmetrical, each room having its twin on the opposite side. The two drawing rooms on the first floor and the one upstairs, called the "ballroom", are paneled in native longleaf pine and cypress. Elegant mantels, contrasting with simple woodwork, are in the high style of the 18th-century English designer Robert Adam. Projecting rear wings give the back rooms direct southern exposure to waterfront views and fresh sea breezes. Except for the 20th-century kitchen addition, the structure remains unchanged from 1786.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>Tabby Manse is individually listed in the Historic American Buildings Survey and the National Register of Historic Places. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. It is also a contributing property in the Beaufort Historic District, which is a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>John Mark Verdier House, also known as Lafayette Building, is a building in Beaufort, South Carolina. It was built by John Mark Verdier, a French Huguenot, in 1804. The house typified Beauforts gracious antebellum architectural style. It was a focal point of the town, a visible statement reflecting Verdiers significant wealth from trading indigo and growing sea island cotton.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<p>It is a contributing property in the Beaufort Historic District, which is a National Historic Landmark. It is the only house museum in Beaufort and provides tours Monday through Saturday from 10:00 to 4:00. Admission is $10.00 per person; children and military are free.</p><br>
<p>The house is owned and operated by the Historic Beaufort Foundation as a historic house museum.</p><br>
<p>Ashley River Historic District is a historic district located west of the Ashley in the South Carolina Lowcountry in Charleston, South Carolina, United States. The Historic District includes land from five municipalities, almost equally split between Charleston and Dorchester counties. The district includes dry land, swamps, and marshes of the Rantowles Creek and Stono Swamp watershed.</p><br>
<p>The historic district includes historic and archaeological resources associated with the rice culture and phosphate mining of the early-eighteenth century to the mid-nineteenth century, and the hunting plantations and timber industry preserves of the late nineteenth century through the mid-twentieth century. Historically, the Wando, Cooper, Ashley, Stono, and Edisto rivers served as the primary transportation routes in the Lowcountry. These waterways were used for exploration and settlement, the movement of goods, and the cultivation of staple crops.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. Its boundaries were increased from 7,000 acres to 23,828.26 acres on October 22, 2010.</p><br>
<p>It includes some of the following separately listed sites as contributing properties:</p><br>
<p>Ashley River</p><br>
<p>Ashley River Road</p><br>
<p>Fort Bull</p><br>
<p>Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Trestle</p><br>
<p>Drayton Hall, a National Historic Landmark</p><br>
<p>Magnolia Plantation and Gardens (Charleston, South Carolina)</p><br>
<p>Runnymeade Schoolhouse</p><br>
<p>Middleton Place, another National Historic Landmark</p><br>
<p>Old Dorchester</p><br>
<p>The Laurels</p><br>
<p>MacLaura Hall</p><br>
<p>Drayton Hall, rear view.jpgDrayton Hall, front view</p><br>
<p>House at Magnolia Plantation.JPGHouse at Magnolia Plantation</p><br>
<p>Middleton-place-sc1.jpgMiddleton Place</p><br>
<p>Church Ruins in Old Dorchester.jpgRuins of the St. George Bell Tower at Old Dorchester</p><br>
<p>Onondaga Park is an 82.6 acre park in the city of Syracuse, New York. Man-made Hiawatha Lake is located within the park, which is situated in Syracuses Strathmore neighborhood on the citys south side.</p><br>
<p>Portions of the park were designed by famed urban planner George Kessler in the early 20th century. The park was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Park description</h2><br>
<p>Onondaga Park consists of two neighboring sections, Lower Onondaga Park and Upper Onondaga Park. Upper and Lower Onondaga parks are linked with nearby Kirk Park via Onondaga Creek Boulevard, a parkway completed in 1930. The three parks, together with the parkway, form the only interconnected park system in Syracuse.</p><br>
<h3>Lower Onondaga Park</h3><br>
<p>Lower Onondaga Park is 15.6 acre in size, and contains a baseball diamond and a greenhouse which supplies plants used by many of Syracuse&#39;s parks.</p><br>
<p>This portion of the park was originally landscaped according to designs by urban planner George Kessler, who was hired to design the park in 1907. The park was completed according to Kesslers designs in 1915, featuring extensive stonework and several ponds, including Star Lake, which contained five fountain jets. A large neoclassical greenhouse, designed by a local architect, was added in 1917. Although some remnants of Kesslers original landscaping remain, several changes in the years that followed have obscured the original design, including the channelization of Onondaga Creek in 1927, and the city&#39;s decision to fill in Star Lake in the 1970s.</p><br>
<h3>Upper Onondaga Park</h3><br>
<p>The 67 acre Upper Onondaga Park is built around Hiawatha Lake. This portion of the park also includes eight tennis courts, three basketball courts, a playground, and a 50 m swimming pool with the capacity to hold 352 bathers.</p><br>
<p>Upper Onondaga Park occupies the site of the former Wilkinson Reservoir, which was built to supply Syracuse with water in the 1870s. The city acquired the reservoir and surrounding land in 1892 and opened the area as a park in 1898.</p><br>
<h4>Hiawatha Lake</h4><br>
<p>In 1911, Wilkinson Reservoir was re-contoured as a 17 acre man-made lake, and has since been known as Hiawatha Lake.</p><br>
<p>One side of Hiawatha Lake was filled back in and a modern swimming pool was built. In the winter, the lake freezes and local residents use it for pond hockey.</p><br>
<p>The lake is used for its picturesque quality and large gazebo and often serves as a backdrop for prom and wedding photos.</p><br>
<p>Marshlands, also known as the James Robert Verdier House, is a historic house at 501 Pinckney Street in Beaufort, South Carolina. Built about 1814, it is a high quality and well-preserved example of early Beaufort architecture, showing both Adamesque and West Indian stylistic influences. It is also notable as a home of Dr. James Robert Verdier, who discovered a treatment for yellow fever. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973 for its architectural significance.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Marshlands is located in Beaufort&#39;s historic downtown, on a parcel east of the junction of Pinckney and Federal Streets, overlooking the Beaufort River. It is a two-story wood-frame structure, set on a tall foundation of pink tabby cement with an arcade of arches. It is topped by a hip roof and its exterior is sheathed in wooden clapboards. A single-story porch extends around three sides of the house, supported by square columns. The main entrance is framed by sidelight windows and topped by a fanlight. The interior retains high quality original Adamesque woodwork.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1814 for Dr. James Robert Verdier, and is noted among Beaufort&#39;s houses for its distinctive blend of Adam style elements with those from the West Indies, the latter including the arcaded basement and the single-story porch (when typical Beafort houses have two-story porches). Dr. Verdier was noted for discovering early treatments for yellow fever; his house was used during the American Civil War as the headquarters for the United States Sanitary Commission. The house is privately owned, and is not open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The Valentine–Varian House is a historic house located in the Norwood neighborhood of the Bronx, New York City. Built in 1758 by Isaac Valentine, it is the Bronx&#39;s second oldest house and oldest remaining farmhouse. The house remained in the Varian family, which included Isaac Varian, the 63rd Mayor of New York City until 1905, when it was sold. It is currently a part of the Historic House Trust and houses the Museum of Bronx History and the offices of the Bronx County Historical Society. It is a two-story, five bay fieldstone residence with a gable roof. It was moved to its present site in 1965 and restored between July 1965 and May 1968.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This structure, the second oldest house in the Bronx, was built by Isaac Valentine, a prosperous blacksmith and farmer from Yonkers in 1758. It was built out of nearby natural resources such as pine trees for interior flooring and stone for the exterior walls.</p><br>
<p>During the American Revolutionary War, the House was occupied by Hessian, British and American troops and survived the war despite a series of battles fought nearby. The British captured this house in 1776 and held British troops as George Washington was stationed in the nearby Van Cortlandt House. This house then became the scene of frequent conflict between British and American troops. Isaac Valentine often encountered unwelcomed visitors since the 3rd Amendment (no soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner) was not established. Nevertheless, George Washington used the Valentine–Varian House as a strategic location to defeat the British. The house is situated on Bainbridge Avenue The colonists used this highest point of the east end in the Bronx overlooking the Boston Post Road and gathered at the top of the hill to fire a cannon against the British who were at the bottom of the hill, hence its name. The house&#39;s role in the Revolutionary War was documented in a book published in 1983.</p><br>
<p>After the Revolutionary War, Isaac Valentine faced bankruptcy due to the rising inflation as the nation attempted to establish an economy with their newfound independence. The Hessian fly was also a contributor to Isaac Valentine&#39;s financial ruin where wheat crops were blighted in southeastern New York. As urbanization outpaced his farming techniques, Isaac Valentine sold his house to the wealthy Isaac Varian and his family in 1792.</p><br>
<h3>Preservation</h3><br>
<p>It was moved to its present site in 1965 and restored between July 1965 and May 1968. Since its conversion to a museum it has held a number of exhibits about the Bronx and the borough&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Bronx&#39;s decline in the late 20th century garnered the attention of president Jimmy Carter, leading to increased state funding for preservation of the borough. Additionally, Isaac Varian handed down the house to his son, Isaac L. Varian, who was a Democratic New York state legislature and held office as the 63rd mayor of New York City (1839–1841).</p><br>
<h2>Past to present changes</h2><br>
<p>The house is located on 3266 Bainbridge Avenue, often sticking out as a suburban house that does not fit into the urban landscape. This is due to the house maintaining its Georgian style architecture while the Bronx underwent urbanization. The Valentine–Varian House is preserved by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation and facilitated through the Bronx County Historical Society. The house was originally across the street from its current address, but apartment buildings now occupy its initial location. Within the house, it serves as a museum to illustrate Bronx history through the Revolutionary War to present day. It contains an exhibit highlighting the history of the house, a room of American presidents who contributed to the Bronx, and a display of collective items from actual American wars. There is currently no residence and although the site is a two–story house, the top floor is not for public access. It is well preserved since the original floor planning and structure is kept to maintain and respect the architecture.</p><br>
<p>A statue of a Civil War soldier, sometimes called the Bronx River Soldier or the Bronx River Sentry statue, is located on the grounds of the House. It sculpted by John Grignoloa, but it shares no history with the Valentine–Varian House. It was commissioned by a Morrisania veterans group in the 1890s, to serve as a memorial marker in Woodlawn Cemetery, but was damaged before it was delivered. It was then bought by John B. Lazzari, who owned a nearby quarry and stonecutters yard, who erected it on a footbridge over the Bronx River on his property. In 1964, the statue fell and was later found near the site. The Bronx County Historical Society restored it to its original standing and claimed ownership of the statue to display near the house. The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The War Memorial, also known as the Russell A. Alger Jr. House and as the Moorings was dedicated to the memory of veterans and soldiers of World War II. It is located at 32 Lake Shore Drive in Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Russell A. Alger senior was a Civil War general and lumberman from Michigan. He served as the Governor of Michigan, a United States Senator from Michigan, and United States Secretary of War under William McKinley. His eldest son, Russell A. Alger Jr., was born in 1873. The Junior Alger was the executor of his father&#39;s large estate, one of the founders of the Packard Motor Car Company in 1903, and an early investor in the Wright Company in 1909.</p><br>
<p>In 1896, Alger Jr. married Marion Jarvis. In 1910, the couple commissioned Charles Adam Platt to design this house. The Algers and their three children moved in during 1910, and Russell Alger lived here until his death in 1930. Marion Alger moved out a few years later, and the house was donated to the Detroit Institute of Arts in 1936. In 1948 the house was returned to the Alger family. In 1949, the Alger family donated the house to the Grosse Pointe War Memorial Association.</p><br>
<p>The Alger House is the original building, and is now recognized as a Michigan State Historic Site and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1962 the first addition, the Fries Auditorium and Crystal Ballroom, was dedicated, and in 1993 the Center for Arts and Communications was added.</p><br>
<p>Today the War Memorial also serves as a community center for the Grosse Pointe Communities and hosts several different kinds of programs and events, including concerts, holiday celebrations, drivers education, obedience school for dogs, and social dances for middle school-age children. The War Memorial also broadcasts WMTV 5, Grosse Pointe&#39;s local, twenty-four-hour television station. It is also possible to rent rooms for special events or banquets.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Russell A. Alger Jr. House is an Italian Renaissance Revival style mansion situated on one of the highest locations along the shoreline of Lake St. Clair. Major room orientations take advantage of the lake view. The house is symmetric, hipped roof rectangular structure, clad with stucco, having two stories facing the street and three facing the lake. The street facade has a central entrance pavilion decorated with rusticated stone with a small balcony above. The second floor window above the balcony is elaborately detailed.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the entry foyer is dressed in marble, and a monumental stone staircase leads to the second floor. Inside is the reception hall, with a herringbone pattern wood floor, concrete ceiling beams simulating wood and a large stone fireplace. The main floor also contains a library and formal dining room, both with French doors overlooking the lake. The upper level contains a master suite built for the Algers, with two bedrooms, two bathrooms, and a connecting sitting room. There are four more bedrooms: one each for the Alger&#39;s three children, and a guest bedroom. The lower level of the house contains a den, a billiard room, and a large plant room. Doors lead out onto the terrace toward the lake.</p><br>
<p>The house and associated landscaping are in original condition. An auditorium, designed to complement the house, was added in 1962. An art wing was added on the street side in 1977 and another wing added in 1993.</p><br>
<p>The Garibaldi-Meucci Museum, formerly known as the Garibaldi Memorial, is a circa 1840 Gothic Revival cottage in the Rosebank section of Staten Island, New York. It was home to inventor and candle maker Antonio Meucci . The Italian revolutionary and political leader Giuseppe Garibaldi  lived there from 1851 to 1853.</p><br>
<p>In 1884 a plaque commemorating Garibaldis stay was placed on the building, with Meucci in attendance. Since then, the site has been the location of a number of protests and celebrations on the anniversary of Garibaldis birth.</p><br>
<p>A memorial to Meucci was erected in the front yard in 1923. In 1956 the house was opened as the Garibaldi-Meucci Museum, helping to celebrate Italian-American heritage and culture, as well as the lives of Giuseppe Garibaldi and Antonio Meucci. The museum is owned by the National Order Sons of Italy Foundation and administered by the New York Grand Lodge Order Sons of Italy in America.</p><br>
<p>After a major restoration, the museum was rededicated in a ceremony on July 11, 2009, involving museum president John Dabbene, Salvatore Lanzilotta, president of the New York State Order of the Sons of Italy in America, and USA Congressional Representative Michael McMahon.</p><br>
<p>The site was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Ritcher House is considered to be one of the best examples of Frank Lloyd Wright&#39;s Usonian mode of design in North Carolina. Located near downtown Raleigh, the house is one of many Modernist houses that were built in the city during the mid-20th century. Most of these homes were designed by faculty members of the North Carolina State University School of Design. Established in 1948 by Henry Kamphoefner, the school hired several Modernist architects as faculty members. Kamphoefner was awarded the North Carolina Award for Fine Arts in 1978 for his work and for his encouragement of other Modernists to build and design homes in the state. On September 21, 1994, the Ritcher House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The house is also a Raleigh Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>George Matsumoto, a professor teaching architectural classes at North Carolina State University, designed the Ritcher House in 1951 along with Henry Kamphoefner. The house was built on a modest budget and is an example of modular constructivism and timber framing.</p><br>
<p>The Federal Building, also known as the Century Post Office, is a historic building located on Fayetteville Street in Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina, United States. It was the first Federal Government project in the South following the Civil War. Construction of the building began in 1874 and was completed in 1878. The building&#39;s Second Empire design was by Alfred B. Mullett whose more famous works included the Old Executive Office Building located near the White House. The Federal Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 and is a Raleigh Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>After completion of the building, local offices of federal agencies, such as the post office, were located on the first floor. The United States District Court was located on the second floor and at the time was considered the best fitted courtroom in North Carolina. In 1913, the building was doubled in size to accommodate the effects of city growth. The building was renovated and its original materials and most of its detailing were replicated. In 1939, the building was expanded with the same exterior design being applied to the new addition.</p><br>
<p>Federal Government agencies grew rapidly after World War II. Due to this growth, the majority of the offices located in the Federal Building were moved to rented facilities located throughout Raleigh. A new Federal Building was constructed downtown to consolidate the agencies in 1970. The facility also became the new home of the court and post office&#39;s administrative facility. In 1978, the original Federal Building was renovated and renamed Century Station to commemorate the 100th anniversary of its opening. Currently, it serves as a post office for downtown Raleigh and as the United States Bankruptcy Court.</p><br>
<p>The old Roane County Courthouse building in Kingston, Tennessee, the county seat of Roane County. Built in the 1850s, it is one of six remaining antebellum county courthouses in the state of Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>The old courthouse was the county&#39;s second courthouse building, replacing the original brick courthouse built in 1803. Construction of the new courthouse was authorized by the Roane County Court in January 1853. A local newspaper reported on November 25, 1854, that the building was "nearly completed," but records suggest that it was not ready for occupancy until about 1856.</p><br>
<p>Architects for the building&#39;s design were Augustus O. Fisher and Frederick B. Guenther. Fisher was from a family that was active in the building trade in southwest Virginia and east Tennessee. Guenther, who was born in Dresden, Germany, had arrived in the United States in 1844 as an agent for a land company. He had been one of the founders of the town of Wartburg in nearby Morgan County, Tennessee, and had overseen the construction of several buildings in Wartburg. The courthouse is designed in the Greek Revival style with some influences of Federal architecture.</p><br>
<p>The material for the courthouse construction included locally grown lumber, stone from a local source, and bricks manufactured on the project site by African-American slaves.</p><br>
<p>The building was used as a courthouse until 1974, when Roane County&#39;s court and government offices were relocated to a new courthouse building on an adjacent site. The old courthouse currently houses a museum.</p><br>
<p>In 1971, the courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Bachelor&#39;s Hope is a historic house in Centreville, Maryland. Built between 1798 and 1815, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house was built of a combination of brick and frame; the gable ends are of brick, while the sides are frame. The five-bay structure is one-and-one-half stories tall, and two rooms deep. The house has a single chimney, centered</p><br>
<p>on the gable, at each end; each chimney is fed by double fireplaces in each gable wall. All of the brick construction, including the foundation, was laid in five-course common bond.</p><br>
<p>The house has its entrance in the central bay; unusually, the door is flanked by 2/2 sidelights on each side. The rest of the main facade, which faces south towards the old road to Queenstown, is arranged symmetrically; on the first floor, two 9/6 sash windows may be found on either side of the door. Above these are three gable-roofed dormers with 6/6 sash. The facade also has a modern, three-bay porch. The back facade of the house is similar to the front; the paneled door in the center bay has no sidelights, but is flanked on each side by 6/6 windows. Three gable-roofed 6/6/ sash dormers sit above the central door.</p><br>
<p>The house&#39;s interior is an unusual variation on the central hall Georgian plan in which each of the rooms differs in size from the others. Both front rooms contain fireplaces, each centered on the gable wall. The one in the southeast room retains a mantel from the early nineteenth century and fine examples of an interior cornice and raised paneling below the south windows; the baseboard and chair rail are all original. Similar trappings - baseboard, chair rail, and paneling - remain in the southwest room as well. The room to the northwest, by comparison, seems plain; its mantel dates to the late nineteenth century, as does its window trim. The northeast room has been modernized, and now serves as a kitchen. To the rear of the first story is a hall, adjoining which is an enclosed winder stair; this gives access to the second floor. Nearly all of the trim on the second story is original, including window and door architraves, fireplace surrounds, and raised panel doors.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Bachelors Hope is considered important because of the unusual features combined in its design; it is believed to be a unique house on the central Eastern Shore of Maryland. The technology used to build it, combining brick gable ends and frame sides, is rarely seen today in surviving buildings. The double pile floor plan is unusual for a house of this size, as is the rarely seen variation on the Georgian central-hall plan. Adding to its historic value, the structure is fairly close to its original condition, some alterations to the first floor notwithstanding. Much of the early fabric remains intact; in addition to the above-noted items may be seen original horizontal beaded wainscoting in the northwest room and the first floors rear hall, and all of the original woodwork on the second story.</p><br>
<p>The Main Street Historic District in Danbury, Connecticut, United States, is the oldest section of that city, at its geographical center. It has long been the city&#39;s commercial core and downtown. Its 132 buildings, 97 of which are considered contributing properties, include government buildings, churches, commercial establishments and residences, all in a variety of architectural styles from the late 18th century to the early 20th. It is the only major industrial downtown of its size in Connecticut not to have developed around either port facilities or a water power site.</p><br>
<p>It was called Town Street when Danbury was first settled in the late 17th century. For over a century afterwards the "long, straggling street" was synonymous with Danbury, to the point that farmers in the area referred to it as Danbury Street. The Revolutionary War in that area of Connecticut began in the future district, where a marker indicates the first shot fired at the British. As the city began growing toward the mid-19th century, its development was shaped by the arrival of the railroads, which helped the city&#39;s hatmakers dominate their industry.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-20th century the area began to decline. Hats became less popular after World War II, causing the hat factories to close. The floods of 1955 took a toll, with some businesses choosing not to rebuild. Other businesses left later for a new shopping mall elsewhere in the city. Main Street was largely spared the demolition that accompanied urban renewal elsewhere in the country, and it was recognized as the city&#39;s only historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. Its contributing properties, ranging from the 1780s to the 1930s, reflects a diversity of uses and styles with a heavy concentration of the Italianate commercial architecture of the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Today, downtown Danbury is once again thriving due to a variety of factors. Businesses formed a special taxing district to raise money for infrastructure maintenance and improvement, and the city used state grants to build popular attractions near downtown like a rail museum and ice arena. Danburys population has also increased in the late 20th century as it became a popular exurban enclave for New York metropolitan area commuters, and Latin American immigrants have settled in and established businesses along Main Street despite tensions with the citys mayor.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district follows a three-quarter–mile (0.75 mi) section of Main Street (state highway CT 53) from 34 and 43 Main (the John Rider House, now the citys historical museum) at the south end to White Street at the north. At both ends there are distinct changes—a shift to more modern construction at the south end and the flood control measures along the Still River at the north—that distinguish the district from adjacent areas. Portions of nine side streets are included, varying from most of the adjacent blocks of Elm, Keeler, West and White streets and Library Place to single properties on Boughton Street and Post Office Place. The entire Wooster Street Cemetery is within the district as well. At the northeast corner, Ives Street is also included to Delay Place and Railroad Street. The geographic center of Danbury is close to 238 Main Street. The terrain slopes slightly from south to north along the Stills flood plain, but appears level.</p><br>
<p>To the north Main Street continues to be predominantly commercial, all the way to Interstate 84 (also, at that point, US 6/7/202) a mile (1.6 km) north. Large-scale residential development mixes with the commercial development south of the district, to where Route 53 leaves to follow South Street towards Bethel. East downtown continues a few blocks to the railroad tracks and the train station), with a small residential neighborhood intervening between downtown and Western Connecticut State University. Residential neighborhoods are to the west.</p><br>
<p>The district is a heavily developed urban core with mostly commercial buildings, predominantly two-story structures fronting on Main Street, some mixed use with apartments on the upper stories. Among them are some government buildings such as the post office and courthouse and churches such as St. Peters, whose 175 ft spire dominates the citys skyline. Single- and multiple-unit residential properties are generally on the side streets. In addition to the parking lots, there is some open space, most significantly Elmwood Park, in the center of from roughly north of Park Place to south of Center Street. From there to the district&#39;s north end it continues as a narrow planted median strip.</p><br>
<p>Within the districts 47 acre area are 132 properties, 97 of which are contributing to the districts historic character. One, the John Rider House, currently used as a local historical museum, is also listed on the Register individually. The architectural styles represented run from the Georgian houses contemporary with the Riders near the south end of the district, its oldest area, to Colonial Revival and Modernist buildings near its north end, reflecting the business district&#39;s expansion in that direction over the course of that time. There are also several historical monuments considered contributing.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>For the first century and a half of its existence, Danbury and Main Street were one and the same. The arrival of the railroads in the mid-19th century and the growth of the citys hatmaking industry began to expand it beyond Mains immediate neighborhood, and by the end of the century what had been a small village was a city with Main Street as its civic and commercial core.</p><br>
<p>Another mode of transportation, the automobile, began having an adverse effect on Main Street in the 20th century, routing traffic away from it and making outlying areas more commercially viable and accessible. Revitalization measures by the city have offset this effect somewhat, as has the area&#39;s attractiveness to immigrants from Latin America.</p><br>
<h3>1684–1800: Settlement</h3><br>
<p>Danbury began with Main Street. The first eight families who moved up from Norwalk to start an agricultural community on the frontier in 1684 called it Town Street. Their success led to the subsequent establishment of smaller communities like New Milford, Newtown and Ridgefield on the periphery of the new community. Danburys location at the junction of the main north–south route up the Housatonic valley and the east–west route coming into Connecticut from New Yorks Hudson Valley to the west helped it prosper further. For these early settlers, the center of community life was the Congregationalist church they built on what is now the site of the Wooster Street cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Most of the early buildings were destroyed in a British raid during 1777. During the Revolutionary War Danbury was a supply depot for the Continental Army due to its location. An army hospital was also established, and local artificers manufactured nails, wagons, shoes and harnesses for military use.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after independence, in 1784, Danbury was designated a half-shire town, essentially sharing county seat functions with Fairfield. The Congregationalist church that had been the village&#39;s first center moved north a few blocks to the West Street corner in 1785, spurring some development there as it remained the center of community life. In 1792, the first courthouse and jail were built on the sites occupied by the modern buildings today.</p><br>
<h3>1801–1851: Early industrialization</h3><br>
<p>Postwar rebuilding led to the establishment of the industries that made Danbury prosperous for over a century. Hatmaking had existed there even before the Revolution, but in the decades afterwards the village led the country in the field. By 1800 its hatters were producing 20,000 annually. They established retail outlets in the Southern states, and were followed by local makers of boots, shoes, saddles and horn combs. Some buildings from this period remain, such as the 1790 John Dodd shop now on the Rider House museum property, the oldest extant commercial building in the city.</p><br>
<p>In 1801 the land that is now Elmwood Park was donated to the village for use as a town common. It would be used as a drilling area for the local militia and the early fairs of the Fairfield County Agricultural Society, which later became Danbury Fair. Today&#39;s side streets had existed since the late 18th century, but Danbury during this period was still seen by outsiders as "...built principally upon one street, which for more than a mile exhibits an almost continued range of buildings, consisting of dwelling houses, mercantile stores, hat factories, mechanic shops and churches." Farmers who came into town referred to it as Danbury Street.</p><br>
<p>In 1822, the state granted borough status to Main Street and the area around it. That allowed it to form fire companies and develop a water supply system. Growth continued, and a branch of the Fairfield County Bank was opened in 1826. Two years later a new jail was built on the same site as the current former jail building. In 1829 the last parcel belonging to the Congregational church, a large lot on the west side of the common, was sold and subdivided to pay a departing minister. Large double houses, such as 101–103 and 105–107 Main, were built on the land in the following decade. A Universalist church was built on the common in 1833. The Fry & Gregory saddle factory, built in 1836 at 68 Main Street, is one of the extant buildings exemplifying commercial activity during this period.</p><br>
<p>The first local bank, the Savings Bank of Danbury, was established by local businessmen in the home of treasurer George Ives, grandfather of composer Charles Ives, on Main Street. Soon after, downtown would reach its modern extent in 1852 with the coming of the Danbury and Norwalk Railroad. The landowners of northern Main Street, also stockholders in the railroad, had its passenger depot built at the present location of the post office, helping to increase the value of their land and businesses. A promised secondary depot at the common was never built, and the northern Main Street landowners also defeated a proposal to expand the common into a "central park". The landowners and businessmen of southern Main Street spent their own money to remake the common into Elmwood Park, planting it with elm trees and a hay crop.</p><br>
<h3>1851–1945: Industrial peak</h3><br>
<p>The railroads brought significant change to downtown. During the 1850s the first multi-story brick commercial blocks were erected downtown, starting with Phineas Crosbys Block at 225–229 Main Street. In 1852 it was followed by the Benedict and Nichols Building at 191–193 Main. Its cofounder David Nichols had already built the boroughs first grocery 1838, and later served as a state legislator and state treasurer. Large steam-powered hat factories were built, bringing new workers to Danbury. In addition to internal migrants from the rural towns in the area, they were English, Irish and German immigrants. The combined town and borough population nearly doubled between 1850 and 1860, even though Bethel became a separate town during that time. In 1851 the Irish immigrants bought the Universalist Church on the common for their growing St. Peter&#39;s church</p><br>
<p>As a result, Main Street became more commercial. The hatters were skilled workers who could afford to buy or even build their own homes rather than live in crowded tenements, and found the side streets to the west ideal for this purpose. To the east of Main commercial development continued, with the hat factories concentrated in the north, near the river. Wooster Square, the intersection of Main, Elm and White, became a focal point of northern downtown due to the train stations presence. Lumberyards and frame stores opened along White. In 1856 Isaac Ives, Charless uncle, opened the street that bears the family name.</p><br>
<p>After the Civil War, another new bank, Union Savings, was founded by hatmakers and merchants. In the 1870s more new public buildings were erected. In 1873, the current jail building replaced the one built in 1828, by then inadequate, and a High Victorian Gothic library was donated to the borough five years later by Alexander White, one of the leading hat industry executives. That same year, the new Danbury News building went up at 288 Main Street, home to editor James Montgomery Bailey, whose humorous pieces as "The Danbury News Man" brought him national renown. A Soldier&#39;s Monument commemorating the local war dead was built at Main and West in 1880. Three years later the city built a new firehouse on Ives Street, and a new City Hall at Main and West where the library now stands.</p><br>
<p>The Main and West intersection, now called City Hall Square, became the new center of the district, finally displacing the old Congregational church site to the south. The private sector responded with architectural statements of their own. New commercial blocks began to reach three and four stories, and in 1887 the Union Savings Bank moved into its current building at 226–228 Main Street. Commercial development pushed eastward, leading Isaac Ives to open Keeler Street for development that same year.</p><br>
<p>The 1880s culminated with the borough of Danbury becoming a city, and the merger of the three railroads that had served the city (the Housatonic and New York and New England, in addition to the Danbury and Norwalk) becoming part of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, referred to locally as the Consolidated due to this absorption. These changes had a profound effect on the community. Main Street was paved with granite blocks between Elmwood Park and White Street. Flagstone sidewalks, sewers, electric arc lights and a horse railway were installed.</p><br>
<p>At the end of the 1890s Danburys 35 hat factories led the nation in production, employing 5,000 directly and indirectly. A neon sign with a derby hat on a crown and the legend "Danbury Crowns Them All" greeted arrivals at the new train station (now the Danbury Railway Museum) just east of downtown. The city overcame opposition from Bridgeport and persuaded the county legislature to appropriate funds for the current courthouse. Downtown also became an educational center for the region, as Danbury High School was housed on the third floor of the Union Savings Bank building, joining St. Peters School at 98 Main Street, the first parochial school in Danbury when it was built in 1885.</p><br>
<p>As the 20th century began the city was at its industrial peak. Newly designated USA highways 6, 7 and 202 followed Main, West and White streets through downtown, bringing in automobile traffic. Main Street became a local retailing center, with Woolworths, McCrory and Sears opening department stores in the new centurys early decades, drawing customers from the smaller nearby towns in Connecticut and the adjacent towns across the New York state line in Dutchess and Putnam counties. Car traffic also led to the establishment of dealerships on Main Street, primarily in the areas south of Elmwood Park. The demolition of older buildings to make way for them shaped the future historic district.</p><br>
<h3>1946–1995: Decline</h3><br>
<p>Danbury&#39;s fortunes changed after World War II. Americans, particularly men, began wearing hats less frequently, forcing cutbacks or closings at the hat factories. In 1955, the flooding of the Still that followed hurricanes Connie, Diane and Ione badly damaged many businesses, particularly in the Wooster Square and White Street areas. In their wake some of the first preservation efforts began. The Dodd Shop was saved from demolition by a move to its current location in 1958, and the Blackman House at 59 Main Street was converted into office space.</p><br>
<p>The next year, 1959, the city and town of Danbury were merged as the state eliminated most county government functions. Downtown merchants who had been affected by the flood reacted by moving to newer and larger space on routes 6,7, 37 and 202 outside of the city center. The empty, damaged space they left behind on the north and northwest of downtown was addressed by urban renewal programs of the late 1960s and early 1970s, which demolished whole blocks, partly to accommodate the rechanneling of the Still for flood control.</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s the completion of Interstate 84 dealt Main Street another setback. All three of Danbury&#39;s USA highways were rerouted onto the expressway as well and away from downtown. In combination with the expressway bypasses built for US 7 both north and south of the city, this made the outlying properties businesses had been moving to more accessible and competitive with downtown locations. Remaining business owners responded by renovating and restoring their own properties, and the scope of preservation efforts began to expand from the old houses on the south end.</p><br>
<p>The Danbury Preservation Trust, which had been formed in the late 1950s, received a state grant in 1979 to survey and inventory the historic buildings on Main and the nearby side streets. Eventually the effort looked at 300 buildings before settling on the area that would become todays historic district. It was designated and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, after an intensive survey of the area by the Danbury Preservation Trust as part of an effort by the Connecticut Historical Commission to catalog the states historic resources for inclusion on the Register. The city has special zoning regulations to maintain its historic character.</p><br>
<p>During the 1980s downtown faced its greatest challenge. In 1981, after the last Danbury Fair was held, Wilmorite Properties of Rochester, New York, bought the fairground and began developing it into a shopping mall. When it opened in 1986, its location near the junction of I-84 and the southern US 7 freeway made it attractive and convenient for shoppers in the region. Main Streets merchants formed a special taxing district, CityCenter Danbury, downtown. For a while both they and the mall remained prosperous, although they knew Main Street would never be the center of local retailing again. But when the economy fell into recession in the early 1990s, they feared shoppers would return to the mall and not Main Street. The 1991 closure of Steinbachs, the last department store on Main Street, seemed to affirm this fear.</p><br>
<p>With state grants, the city built a parking garage on some of the land marked for redevelopment after the flood, in order to free up other scattered parking space. It was the start of a planned complex that would include a movie theater, retail space and condominiums, all meant to attract middle class residents to the city. The city also hired a consultant to look at plans to cluster similar retailers so downtown could match the mall in offering that to shoppers as well.</p><br>
<h3>1996–present: Revitalization</h3><br>
<p>By the middle of the decade these efforts had succeeded, helped in part by Danburys transformation from industrial town to distant exurb of New York City, with corporations such as Cartus and Duracell building major facilities in the area and new housing going up in the areas on the citys periphery as commuters sought less expensive housing still within commuting distance of Manhattan. In 1996 Danbury&#39;s industrial space was 93% occupied, and office space vacancy rates were under 15%. Ives Street was reinvented as a Dining and Entertainment District, with the vacant buildings converted into restaurants and nightclubs. "We feel that the downtown is coming back strong", said one local bank president. The community rallied after arson severely damaged the library in 1996. Voters passed a bond issue to fund improvements and expansions to city hall and rebuild the library. The Danbury Ice Arena, later home to several minor league ice hockey teams, most recently the Danbury Whalers, was also built near Main Street in 1999. It offered a visitor attraction to complement the former train station which had become the Danbury Railway Museum.</p><br>
<p>As they had in the mid-19th century, immigrants helped revitalize downtown in the early 21st century. This time they were from Latin America, primarily Ecuador and Brazil, working as day labor at construction sites all over Fairfield County. Not all of them were in the USA legally, and this created tensions between their community and Mayor Mark Boughton, who unsuccessfully asked Governor Jodi Rell to have city police deputized as Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services (BCIS) agents so they could legally enforce federal immigration laws. The immigrant community was in turn angered by police efforts to close down their volleyball games and sting operations that turned some of them over to the BCIS. In 2005 they staged a mile-long march down Main Street in protest.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Some of the districts properties are architecturally or historically noteworthy in themselves. One, the John Rider House, was listed on the National Register prior to the districts creation. Another, the former jailhouse, was determined eligible for listing.</p><br>
<p>American Legion Hall, 32–52 Elm Street. The open expanses of brick wall surface with round-arched windows on this 1927 building typify the work of local architect Philip Sunderland.</p><br>
<p>Benedict & Nichols Building, 191-193 Main Street. When built in 1852 this transitional Greek Revival-Italianate commercial structure was the first three-story block in Danbury.</p><br>
<p>Chiarella Block, 272 Main Street. This 1914–15 mixed-use structure is one of the earliest in the district to show signs of the Colonial Revival style.</p><br>
<p>Commercial Building at 131 Main Street. Built in 1931, it is the youngest contributing property in the district. Its modernist design has some Art Deco elements.</p><br>
<p>Commercial Building at 141 Main Street. The dedication plaque of this 1907 late Italianate building is inscribed in both English and Arabic.</p><br>
<p>Commercial Building at 279–283 Main Street. First built as a Greek Revival commercial structure in 1853, later sales to different owners led to portions of the facade being redone in Tudor and modernist styles.</p><br>
<p>Crofut Block, 253–255 Main Street. This brick 1876 building with wooden pedimented window hoods, corner quoins and pressed tin ceiling in the store interior at 255 is an excellent example of the high commercial application of the Italianate style.</p><br>
<p>Danbury News Building, 288 Main Street. This 1873 building had a distinctive Queen Anne tower added in 1893.</p><br>
<p>Old Danbury Library, 254 Main Street. Donated to the city in 1878 by fur-processing executive Alexander Moss White, its brick facade with polychromatic sandstone trim and slate-shingled gable roof make it the only High Victorian Gothic building extant in the Danbury area.</p><br>
<p>John Dodd Shop, 43 Main Street, rear. Moved from its original site to preserve it, this small 1790 frame building is the oldest commercial building in the district.</p><br>
<p>Elmwood Park, in center of Main Street between South and Wooster streets. Originally donated to town as a common, it was the last home of the Congregationalist church that was the focal point of the early village of Danbury. Later used for growing hay and turned into a public park.</p><br>
<p>Fairfield County Courthouse, 71 Main Street. An 1899 Beaux Arts structure designed by Warren Briggs that now serves as juvenile court.</p><br>
<p>Hornig Block, 10–16 Elm Street. This 1882 Italianate commercial building is the only one in the district with pressed-metal siding.</p><br>
<p>Houses at 101–103 and 105–107 Main Street. Two double houses, Greek Revival and Federal in style respectively, that reflect Danbury&#39;s early industrial growth in the 1830s.</p><br>
<p>Humane Hose Co. No. 1 Firehouse, 6 Boughton Street. The only property on Boughton is a 1911 stucco Italianate firehouse still in public use as a police garage.</p><br>
<p>Old Fairfield County Jail, 80 Main Street. An 1872 Second Empire building used for its original purpose until 1969. Today it has been converted mostly to senior housing, with part of the ground floor set aside as a small museum. It was determined eligible for the National Register in 1980 but has not been formally listed.</p><br>
<p>Old Fire Station, 5-7 Ives Street. When this slate-roofed brick building went up in 1883 it was one of Danbury&#39;s first major public buildings. After being taken out of service in 1969, it has been converted into apartments.</p><br>
<p>Old Post Office, 258 Main Street. Built in 1876, this Italianate brick building has corbeled window hoods. Its original cornice is missing.</p><br>
<p>Old Saddle Factory, 68 Main Street. An 1836 wood frame building later used as housing and today as office space.</p><br>
<p>Old Southern New England Telephone Company Building, 31 West Street. This 1908 brick building has some Dutch Colonial Revival touches, most significantly its prominent stepped-gabled roof.</p><br>
<p>John Rider House, 43 Main Street. This 1785 wooden house is the oldest property in the district. It is currently home to the Danbury Historical Society and Museum, and the only property in the district individually listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>Seifert Armory, 5–15 Library Place. This five-story 1891 brick building with brownstone lintels and iron cornice has been remodeled into apartments.</p><br>
<p>St. James Episcopal Church, 25 West Street. A granite Gothic Revival church completed in 1872, making it the oldest extant church building in the district. The parish hall and rectory were added in 1929.</p><br>
<p>St. Peter&#39;s Catholic Church, 119 Main Street. The 175 ft spire of this 1870s building dominates the Danbury skyline. It was the first Catholic church established in northern Fairfield County, later the centerpiece of a small complex of associated buildings.</p><br>
<p>St. Peter&#39;s Convent, 88 Main Street. An 1895 Renaissance Revival three-story brick building with copper hipped roof.</p><br>
<p>St. Peter&#39;s Rectory, 104 Main Street. A three-story 1891 Richardsonian Romanesque brick building with two projecting octagonal towers.</p><br>
<p>St. Peter&#39;s School, 98 Main Street. An 1895 Italianate flat-roofed brick building with bell tower. A rear extension was added in 1909.</p><br>
<p>Sears Building, 129 Main Street. Built by the retailer in 1929, it was one of the first modernist buildings in the district.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Settle Building, 248 Main Street. Warren Briggs designed this Richardsonian Romanesque 1887 commercial structure of rusticated brownstone for the Danbury National Bank. Its original roof and gables were removed after a 1973 fire.</p><br>
<p>Soldiers&#39; Monument, Main and West streets. This granite statue of a Union Army soldier atop a 12 ft column with the names of Civil War battles engraved in it was erected in 1878 to memorialize local war dead.</p><br>
<p>Union Savings Bank, 226–228 Main Street. A Louis Sullivan-inspired building in brick with terra cotta that was considered one of the city&#39;s most distinctive upon its 1887 completion.</p><br>
<p>USA Post Office, 265 Main Street. Oscar Wenderoth designed this two-story brick Georgian Revival building with a limestone marble and stained oak interior.</p><br>
<p>Wooster Cemetery, Wooster Street behind old jail building. Danbury&#39;s oldest cemetery, with some graves dating to ca. 1700.</p><br>
<p>Wooster Square This section of the city is named after General David Wooster, who was killed defending Danbury against the British attack of 1777. It saw an initial increase in significance in the 1880s, due to its close proximity to the developing railroads and booming hatting industry. Unfortunately, many decades later, the flood of October 1955 caused severe damage to this area, leading to the loss of several notable buildings. The Danbury and Bethel Street Railway, an electric trolley service, operated between Wooster Square and Greenwood Avenue (Bethel) from 1887 until 1926.</p><br>
<p>The Sinnott Memorial Observation Station is a sheltered viewpoint built into the caldera cliff 900 feet above Crater Lake in southern Oregon, United States. It is located near the Rim Village Visitor Center in Crater Lake National Park. The structure includes a small natural history museum with exhibits that highlight the geologic history of Mount Mazama and the formation of Crater Lake. The building was officially dedicated as the Nicholas J. Sinnott Memorial Observation Station and Museum; however, it is commonly known as the Sinnott Memorial Overlook or Sinnott Viewing Area. It is architecturally significant because it was the first National Park Service building constructed specifically as a museum and the first structure built in Crater Lake National Park using rustic stone masonry construction. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Sinnott Memorial Building No. 67.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Sinnott Memorial was funded by a $10,000 appropriation from the United States Congress. It was intended to honor Nicholas J. Sinnott who represented eastern Oregon in the United States House of Representatives from 1913 to 1928. As chairman of the House Public Lands Committee, Sinnott had actively supported Crater Lake National Park. He died in 1929 shortly after retiring from Congress. While the Sinnott Memorial was to serve as an observation point, Congress also intended the building to be a museum. In fact, it was the first museum building constructed in a national park at the specific direction of Congress.</p><br>
<p>The structure was designed by landscape architect Merel S. Sager, a pioneer of the rustic style of park architecture. To ensure a spectacular view, Sager chose a site on Victor Rock, 900 feet above the lake. Construction of the observation station began in the fall of 1930. During construction, Sager spent hours in a rowboat on the lake, ensuring the building blended perfectly into the caldera cliff. As a result, the building provides a spectacular view of Crater Lake and surrounding caldera and mountains, but is virtually invisible from the lake below. The building was finished the following summer. It was dedicated on July 16, 1931. Horace M. Albright, the director of the National Park Service, attended the dedication ceremony along with William Gladstone Steel and many other dignitaries. Once it was open, the public quickly made it one of Crater Lake&#39;s most popular viewing areas.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the park&#39;s centennial in 2003, the Sinnott Memorial Building was completely renovated and the museum exhibits updated. The new exhibits cost $425,000, and include easy-to-understand displays with a video program that shows how Mount Mazama was created, how the mountain collapsed, and how the lake formed.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The Sinnott Memorial Observation Station is built on Victor Rock, an outcropping on the cliff face of Crater Lakes caldera wall, approximately 50 feet below the crest. The structure was the first in the park to use log and stone masonry construction. The structures rustic style set the architectural standard for future buildings constructed at Crater Lake National Park.</p><br>
<p>To get to the Sinnott building, visitors follow a short, stairstep trail from Rim Village to the entrance. The entrance door opens to a 40 foot by 40 foot observation room. On the north side of the room, an open-air balcony offers visitors a spectacular view to the lake. The balcony is covered by a cantilever log roof. The museum exhibits are located in the center of the observation room and around the walls. The exhibits highlight the geologic history of Mount Mazama and the formation of Crater Lake. There is also a hidden 12 by 14 foot workroom adjacent to the museum space. A door on the east side of the room leads to the exit stairs which is hidden from view by a stone wall.</p><br>
<p>The building is constructed of heavy, native stone and concrete with log beams supporting the roof. The structure&#39;s footprint is somewhat irregular because the building was designed to merge the cliff. The stone walls are load-bearing with rough rock exposed on the outer walls to blend with the surrounding landscape.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s, the building&#39;s roof was re-built with asphalt and lead flashing to stop leaking. In 1961, flagstone paving was added to the interior floor and the exterior entry patio area. The entire structure was renovated in 2003. Despite the changes required over the years, the National Park Service has been careful to maintain the rustic look of the building. Because of its architectural and historic significance, the Sinnott Memorial Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Leland College was founded in 1870 as a college for blacks in New Orleans, Louisiana, but was open to all races. After its original buildings burned in 1923, it was relocated near Baker, Louisiana. Never accredited, the school closed in 1960 because of financial difficulties.</p><br>
<p>The 20.9 acre area of the Baker campus, comprising four contributing properties and one non-contributing building, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 10, 1982.</p><br>
<p>The college facilities had become derelict by the time of listing. In the early 21st century, only the ruins of the two dormitories can be seen faintly through trees. The frame classroom, the president&#39;s house, and the concrete classroom all disappeared at some time.</p><br>
<p>Holbrook Chamberlain, a philanthropist from Brooklyn established the school. He bought the land and built the school buildings. John Elijah Ford served as the school’s president.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>Abraham Lincoln Davis, 1949</p><br>
<p>John W. Joseph, first black mayor of Opelousas, Louisiana</p><br>
<p>Eddie Robinson, former Grambling State University head football coach, class of 1941</p><br>
<p>St. Andrew&#39;s Episcopal Church, also known as the Salvation Army Citidel Corps and now hosting the Salvation Army Corps Community Center, is a historic building located at 206 South Peabody Street, in Port Angeles, Washington.</p><br>
<p>Originally a church, the structure was built in 1905 in Gothic Revival style. Between 1905 and 1914 a free standing parish hall was constructed south of the chapel. St. Andrew&#39;s became an official parish in 1946. In 1966, due to the parish having outgrown the small chapel, a new church was built about 1 mile to the south, on East Park Avenue, and the building was sold to the Salvation Army, which still uses it today as its Corps Community Center.</p><br>
<p>The Stevensville Historic District, also known as Historic Stevensville, is a national historic district in downtown Stevensville, Queen Anne&#39;s County, Maryland. It contains roughly 100 historic structures, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is located primarily along East Main Street, a portion of Love Point Road, and a former section of Cockey Lane.</p><br>
<h2>Notable structures</h2><br>
<h3>Cray House</h3><br>
<p>The Cray House, located on Cockey Lane, is the most complete example of post-and-plank construction known to exist. John Denny purchased the lot from J. Stevens in 1809. Denny, a ship carpenter, used a construction method in which walls are formed by tenoning horizontal planks into slots cut into vertical corner posts. After a series of owners, it was sold at auction in 1914 to Nora Cray, a widow who lived there with her three children. Nora Cray&#39;s heirs deeded the property to in 1976, and the house was restored in 2004. It predates the town of Stevensville, and is listed individually on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h3>Christ Church (1880)</h3><br>
<p>The 1880 building of the Christ Episcopal Church of Kent Island, located on East Main Street, is the fifth church of the Christ Church parish founded in 1631, the oldest continuous Episcopal congregation in the United States. Previous church buildings were in nearby Broad Creek, one of the first towns established in Maryland. The church is an excellent example of the Queen Anne style of ecclesiastical architecture, and the building is listed individually on the National Register of Historic Places. It is now owned by the county, and as of 2008, houses a Lutheran parish and is in the process of being restored.</p><br>
<h3>Stevensville Bank</h3><br>
<p>The Stevensville Bank was constructed between 1903 and 1907. It opened for business in 1909, and is the predecessor to Bank of Americas Tidewater Branch in Stevensville. The banks original building is located in the historic district on Love Point Road and is listed individually on the National Register of Historic Places. The building has classical architectural details, a pressed tin ceiling, intact period furnishings and vault. Since the bank&#39;s business moved locations in the 1960s, the building has been occupied as business offices and by merchants. is the current lessee of the property.</p><br>
<h3>Old Stevensville Post Office</h3><br>
<p>The old Stevensville post office is located at 408 Love Point Road. The date of construction for this building is not known, but the building does appear on an 1877 map of Stevensville. The post office was visited by Franklin D. Roosevelt during his visit to Stevensville. acquired the property in 1997.</p><br>
<h3>Stevensville Train Depot</h3><br>
<p>Approval was given in 1894 by the Maryland Legislature to Queen Annes Railroad Company to build a railroad connecting Queenstown with Lewes, Delaware. The line was extended 13 miles to Love Point in 1902, and the Stevensville Train Depot was constructed. When Marylands Bay Bridge was constructed in 1952, the railroad line fell into disuse. The deteriorated building was donated to several years later. The structure was restored and moved to its current location on Cockey Lane in 1988.</p><br>
<h3>Cockey House</h3><br>
<p>The Cockey House, built ca. 1870, was originally owned by Charles B. Downes. An 1877 map identifies it as the parsonage for the First Methodist Protestant Church, which rented it until a new parsonage was built next to the church. Miss Mary Cockey, an elementary school teacher, and her father, James Cockey, assistant postmaster in Stevensville, bought the house in the early 1900s. She used it as the local library for many years, had an addition built on the west side, and enlarged the front porch. The house is being restored to its historic splendor by its current owners.</p><br>
<p>The Masonic Temple at 622 South Lincoln Street in Port Angeles, Washington is a historic masonic temple that was constructed in 1921 in Classical Revival style. Throughout the early 20th century, temple members included some of the city&#39;s most prominent citizens. The building also served as the primary facility in Port Angeles for large social and civic</p><br>
<p>gatherings. It is still in use today as a Masonic Lodge and also hosts many other events.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>Leland Tower is a twenty-two-story building on Stolp Island in Aurora, Illinois. Leland Tower was at one point the tallest building in Illinois outside of Chicago. Stolp Island is recognized as a Historical District by the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Leland Tower was built initially as a hotel. The Leland Hotel project was conceived in 1926 and was one of the most ambitious projects in the city&#39;s history. The project was announced by an organization known as the Aurora Building Corporation through Herbert P. Heiss of the First Illinois Company. Mr. Heiss had located and purchased the site for the proposed hotel. The building contract was awarded to the H.G. Christman Company, general contractors of South Bend, Indiana and Detroit, Michigan. Anker Sveere Graven and Arthur Guy Mayger were chosen to design the hotel.</p><br>
<p>The Aurora-Leland Hotel had all the modern amenities of the time, including telephones in every room. Topping this skyscraper was the Sky Club, a dinner and dancing club outfitted with elaborate decor and furnishings of the highest quality. The views from the Sky Club as well as its elegance made it a place to see and be seen by local socialites. "Swanks" from Chicago thought the Sky Club a fun place to take their dates. Philip K. Wrigley, fan dancer Sally Rand, and the singing cowboy Gene Autry are some of the famous names seen there. Recordings were made there by such famous blues musicians as John Lee "Sonny Boy" Williamson.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s, the times and the economy caused the hotel once known as "The Aurora-Leland Hotel", the "Illinois Hotel" and the "Leland Hotel" to stop operations. The tower subsequently housed microwave transmitter link of defunct WLXT-TV Channel 60, an Aurora TV station which signed on in 1969. It was on the air afternoons, evenings and weekends. It also served as the transmitter site of 107.9 WAUR-FM.</p><br>
<p>Leland Tower is also known locally for its elaborate holiday decorations, including an 8-story tall shooting star and Christmas tree on the roof.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>The St. Paul A.M.E. Church is a historic American Gothic Revival style African Methodist Episcopal Church located in Raleigh, North Carolina. A red brick and frame structure built in 1884 by black masons, St. Pauls was the first independent congregation of African Americans in Raleigh and is the oldest African-American church in Wake County, North Carolina. Before the end of the Civil War, the future founders of St. Pauls had been slave members of the Edenton Street United Methodist Church. The members of the church began calling their congregation "St. Paul&#39;s" in 1848. The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in November 1987 and is also a Raleigh Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From 1846 to 1853, Edenton Street&#39;s black membership worshipped at Old Christ Church in Raleigh. After white Methodists bought the building in 1853, the members moved to a different building at the intersection of Edenton and Harrington streets.</p><br>
<p>In 1865 after emancipation, the black congregation left the Edenton Street Church to affiliate with the African Methodist Episcopal Church, a denomination organized in 1816 by Reverend Richard Allen, a free black in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. St. Pauls became the first African Methodist congregation in Raleigh and Wake County. It both attracted existing leaders in the black community and was a training ground for new leaders. After slavery was abolished, St. Pauls ministers became leaders and activists in black politics during the Reconstruction period. As the state capitol, Raleigh became a center of black political activity. In addition, some of North Carolinas foremost black spokesmen, such as State Senator Henry Eppes, Legislator Stewart Ellison and R. W. H. Leak, a leader in the late 19th century Republican-Populist movement, were members of St. Pauls.</p><br>
<p>Not only men were active in the church. Women quickly organized or continued their own groups, mobilizing around issues of women and children&#39;s welfare, health and education. The black community strongly supported education of its children, and the church linked it to the moral welfare and future of the community.</p><br>
<p>In 1884 the cornerstone of the new church was laid. Due to financial strains of its members, construction of the new St. Paul&#39;s Church took 25 years to complete. Many Southerners struggled in the essentially rural economy in the quarter century following the American Civil War. Because of earning lower wages in a segregated society, members of the congregation chose to live on bread and molasses to raise enough money to complete the church.</p><br>
<p>In May 1901, the building was completed. The congregation marked the sanctuarys completion with a joyous two-week revival. Governor Charles B. Aycock delivered a speech when the church finally opened and The News & Observer described St. Pauls new building as "one of the handsomest colored churches in the South." Although the majority of the church had been built, construction on the spire did not take place for another eight years. In 1909 an accidental fire consumed most of the building, leaving only the brick walls. Donations from the white community as well as black resulted in reconstruction of the church, including addition of the long-planned spire.</p><br>
<p>In 1909, the building was renovated by Black architect Gaston Alonzo Edwards.</p><br>
<p>During the Civil Rights Movement, the black community held meetings and rallies at St. Paul&#39;s, as it continued as a center of community organizing. Members had long been active in working for voter registration in the black community; with its level of educated residents, Raleigh had a higher percentage of black population registered before the later stages of the Civil Rights Movement than did more rural areas. During the 1960s and after success of the Voting Rights Act, the community mobilized to increase voter registration and encourage turnout at elections.</p><br>
<p>A variety of national speakers were guests at the church. For instance, in 1988 Jesse Jackson delivered a "Rainbow Coalition" speech at the church.</p><br>
<p>St. Paul currently has Rev. Dr Larry McDonald is there a pastor and the church has a population of around 900 members. St. Paul A.M.E. Church has become an historic place in downtown of Raleigh, North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>Other usesHangar One </p><br>
<p>Hangar No. 1 is an airship hangar located at Naval Air Engineering Station Lakehurst in Manchester Township, in Ocean County, New Jersey, United States. It was the intended destination of the rigid airship LZ 129 Hindenburg prior to the Hindenburg disaster on May 6, 1937, when it burned while landing. Built in 1921, it is one of the oldest surviving structures associated with that period&#39;s development of lighter-than-air flight. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1968.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>In 1921 the US Navy established Lakehurst Naval Air Station to serve as its headquarters for lighter-than-air flight. The new base became the center for experimentation and development of rigid airships for strategic and commercial purposes as well as the control station for all Naval lighter-than-air flights. Hangar No. 1 was the first major facility built at Lakehurst to house the huge helium-filled dirigibles.</p><br>
<p>The hangar was completed in 1921 by the Lord Construction Company, with trusses erected by the Bethlehem Steel Company. The hangar is 966 ft long, 350 ft wide and 224 ft high, with a floor area of 211,434 ft&sup2;. The hangar is typical of airship hangar designs of World War I, utilizing counterbalanced doors similar to hangars built in Great Britain. At each end are two pairs of massive steel doors mounted on railroad tracks. These double doors are structurally separate from the hangar itself. Each counterbalanced door weighs 1,350 tons and is powered by two 20-horsepower motors, although provisions were made to open the doors manually, which required the assembled manpower of nine men.</p><br>
<p>Service mezzanines are located on each side of the hangar. The hangar also had a system of railroad tracks that led to the mooring areas outside the hangar. The hangar was large enough to house two rigid airships as well as additional non-rigid airships (blimps).</p><br>
<h2>Operations</h2><br>
<p>The hangar was used to construct the USS Shenandoah (ZR-1) from 1922 to 1923. On September 4, 1923, the ship made a brief maiden flight in the vicinity of Lakehurst and was christened on October 10, 1923. In 1924 the US Navy obtained its second rigid airship built in Germany and delivered to the United States as a war reparation payment. The USS Los Angeles (ZR-3) shared Hangar No. 1 with the USS Shenandoah. The hangar also provided service and storage for other airships including the Graf Zeppelin (LZ 127), USS Macon (ZRS-5), USS Akron (ZRS-4) as well as the German LZ 129 Hindenburg during its transatlantic flights.</p><br>
<p>Today the hangar holds a mock aircraft carrier flight deck, used as a training facility for aircraft carrier flight deck personnel.</p><br>
<p>The East Coast Indoor Modelers club, a chartered club within the auspices of the United States&#39; official aeromodeling organization, the Academy of Model Aeronautics, has been allowed to use the hangar since 1926 to fly indoor free flight model aircraft, these self-powered aircraft models benefit from the large wind-free open space of the hangar.</p><br>
<p>Since 1994, Ocean County Vocational Technical School has operated its Career & Technical Institute in the hangar, the institute offers adult tech programs in aviation and electronic technologies.</p><br>
<p>In addition to Hangar No. 1 there are five other airship hangars at Lakehurst, which today are used for training, testing and storage.</p><br>
<p>The Burlington County Prison is a historic museum property, located next to the Burlington County Jail in Mount Holly Township, Burlington County, New Jersey, United States. Operating from 1811 to 1965, it was the oldest prison in the nation at the time of its closure. Designed by Robert Mills, its design exemplified period thinking in progressive prison design, with individual cells, good ventilation, and fireproof construction. Now operated by a local nonprofit as a museum, it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Burlington County Prison is located north of downtown Mount Holly, on the west side of High Street south of Grant Street. It is a three-story masonry structure, built out of ashlar-finished stone and covered by a hip roof. It is in a U shape, with two wings extending to the rear at either end of the street-facing central section. Sash windows are set in recessed openings, some of which are topped by blind rounded arches. The main entrance is sheltered by a modern portico, and features a heavy wooden door with strap hinges, box locks, and a peephole. The interior passageways are finished in brick, while the cells have wooden floors. Some cells were larger, designed to hold multiple debtors (not considered to be dangerous), and a cell for extremely dangerous prisoners is located on the top floor, featuring surviving wall-mounted shackles.</p><br>
<p>Construction began on the prison in 1810, and its first prisoners were admitted in 1811. The building was designed by Robert Mills, a protege of Benjamin Latrobe who had recently completed a design on a prison in South Carolina (which was not executed). Its design reflected the latest ideas in prison design, which arose from movements to reform notoriously poor British prisons. The motto over the door, "Justice Which, While it Punishes, Would Endeavor to Reform the Offender", was chosen by architect Robert Mills. The Burlington County Prison operated from 1811 through 1965. When it closed in 1965, it was the oldest operating prison in the United States. It was converted into a museum soon thereafter.</p><br>
<p>It is reportedly haunted by a tall male in a uniform in the basement, and the third floor is claimed to have a flurry of paranormal activity.</p><br>
<p>The Winston Tower  is a 410 ft  tall skyscraper in Winston-Salem, Forsyth County, North Carolina, completed in 1966 with 29 floors. It was the tallest building in North Carolina, succeeding the Reynolds Building in Winston-Salem,</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>After a 2003 renovation in which all 6,033 windows were replaced with tinted glass to save energy, the building received its current name. It has 436,000 square feet (40,500 square meters) of office space. As of 2009, Winston Tower is the second tallest office building in the city, behind 100 North Main Street; both have previously served as the corporate headquarters for Wachovia Bank.</p><br>
<p>On December 10, 2021, Truliant Federal Credit Union confirmed it had acquired naming rights to the tower. The name "Truliant" was scheduled to appear on the east and west sides at the top of the building in April 2022, to mark the credit union&#39;s 70th anniversary. The company plans "a small presence in the building."</p><br>
<p>An August 17, 2022 Forsyth County Register of Deeds filing shows that Charlotte-based Winston Tower LLC purchased the building for $14 million. The company&#39;s manager Jason Tuttle said 100,000 square feet of space was available and it would be marketed to companies formed in business incubators. Tuttle also said Truliant still planned to put its signs on the building. The letters were delayed and are now scheduled to be put in place in July 2023.</p><br>
<p>The Pine Mountain Settlement School is a historic cultural and educational institution in rural Harlan County, Kentucky. Founded in 1913 as a settlement school near Bledsoe, it now focuses on classes related to the culture of Appalachia and environmental education. It first operated as a boarding grade school for students of the rural region, then in 1930 shifted to operating as a boarding school for high school students. In the later 20th century, it was integrated into the Harlan County Public School System. Its campus is designated as a National Historic Landmark District, for its role as the first major effort to adapt urban settlement reform work into a rural setting.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Pine Mountain Settlement School is located in a rural mountain setting about 19 mi northeast of Harlan, the county seat of Harlan County, Kentucky, and southeast of the junction of Kentucky Routes 221 and 510. Pine Mountain is a ridge of the Appalachian Mountains that runs about 125 miles through Kentucky, Virginia and Tennessee.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Founding</h3><br>
<p>Pine Mountain Settlement School was founded during a period of time when more than two hundred schools were founded across Southern Appalachia in order to bring educational opportunities to rural communities across the region. "...Pine Mountain Settlement School was founded in 1913 as a school for children in the commonwealths remote southeastern mountains and a social center for surrounding communities. The school was the dream of a local man, William Creech Sr., who was troubled by the areas lack of educational opportunities, and the prevalence of social problems and rampant disease. He donated land for the school and recruited two women, Katherine Pettit of Lexington, Kentucky, and Ethel de Long, a New Jersey native, to establish and run the new institution. These two women enlisted the help of architect Mary Rockwell Hook of Kansas City to draw up plans for the campus and its buildings." Luigi Zande, a stonemason, educator, and the husband of Ethel de Long, helped to design and build several buildings on the schools campus, including the stone reservoir and the chapel. It has been designated as a National Historic Landmark District for its importance as a rural example of the urban settlement schools.</p><br>
<h3>Uses</h3><br>
<p>Pine Mountain Settlement School developed as a rural example of the urban settlement movement, which established institutions such as Hull House in Chicago, to provide education and social services to the new populations of immigrants and migrants in the cities. The school has served many purposes since its founding in 1913, more than a century ago. It continues to operate primarily as an educational institution.</p><br>
<p>From 1913 to 1930, Pine Mountain served as a boarding school for children of elementary and middle school age.</p><br>
<p>In 1930, Pine Mountain was adapted as a boarding high school, encouraging vocational and artistic development for students from the Appalachian region, as well as academics.</p><br>
<p>In 1937, a pack horse library (part of the WPA Travelling Libraries) and community services program was headquartered at Pine Mountain.</p><br>
<p>In 1949, Pine Mountain and the Harlan County educational system began to jointly operate an elementary school as part of the county public school system.</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s, Pine Mountain began to focus its efforts on environmental education.</p><br>
<p>In addition to operating as an educational institution, Pine Mountain Settlement School has served its community in other ways. For example, during Pine Mountain&#39;s time as a high school, it sponsored Work Experience Training. This was focused on providing job training to men and helping them find employment.</p><br>
<p>Pine Mountain has also operated as a farm, health clinic, and a hospital. It has supported local music and craft initiatives such as. Today, in addition to cultural and environmental education, Pine Mountain Settlement School offers agricultural, culinary, and arts and crafts programming for adults and students.</p><br>
<h3>Relationship with Alpha Sigma Tau</h3><br>
<p>Alpha Sigma Tau Sorority adopted Pine Mountain Settlement School in 1945 as its national philanthropy. The partnership lasted 71 years until its conclusion in 2016.</p><br>
<p>Members of alumnae and collegiate chapters and colonies of Alpha Sigma Tau raised money annually for Pine Mountain Settlement School. The Sorority supported Pine Mountain Settlement School through the Alpha Sigma Tau National Foundation, Inc.</p><br>
<p>Millford Plantation  is a historic farmstead and plantation house located on SC 261 west of Pinewood, South Carolina. It was sometimes called Manning&#39;s Folly, because of its remote location in the High Hills of Santee section of the state and its elaborate details. Designated as a National Historic Landmark, it is regarded as one of the finest examples of Greek Revival residential architecture in the United States. The house has been restored and preserved along with many of its original Duncan Phyfe furnishings.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Millford Plantation&#39;s monumental two-story Greek Revival mansion was built in Clarendon (now Sumter) County between 1839 and 1841 for John L. Manning and his wife, Susan Frances Hampton Manning. John Manning enslaved 670 people of African descent, more than almost any of his contemporaries. Manning later served as Governor of South Carolina from 1852 to 1854.</p><br>
<p>The builder, Nathaniel F. Potter of Providence, Rhode Island, may have also done the design work.</p><br>
<p>Its imposing facade features six large carved Corinthian columns on granite bases that support the portico. Its 2 ft walls are of brick made on the premises; the granite was shipped from Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>The excellence of Millford&#39;s architecture extends throughout the house, from the tall floor-to-ceiling windows to a spectacular circular staircase rising, seemingly without support, in a domed cylindrical chamber on the rear side of the building.</p><br>
<p>Susan Frances Hampton was the daughter of General Wade Hampton I, one of the largest slave owners in the United States, and his wife, Mary Cantey; she was half-sister of Colonel Wade Hampton II. Although by law he inherited from their father after his death in 1835, Wade III shared the estate with Susan and another sister. Much of the money to build the Millford mansion (it cost $125,000, an enormous sum in 1840) probably came from Susan Hampton Manning&#39;s recent inheritance.</p><br>
<p>Susan Hampton Manning died in 1845 giving birth to her third child with John L. Manning. In 1848 Manning married Sally Bland Clarke and had four children with her.</p><br>
<p>Near the end of the Civil War, the residence was threatened with destruction by Union troops on April 19, 1865, but was saved by the intervention of their commander, Brigadier General Edward E. Potter of New York. His exchange with Governor Manning was recorded as follows:</p><br>
<p>When General Potter spared Millford, he did not know that Manning had a copy of the Articles of Secession in his desk. The story of Millford&#39;s survival might have ended quite differently had he known.</p><br>
<p>Despite economic ruin during and after the Civil War, the Manning family and their descendants managed to retain possession of Millford until 1902. That year they sold it to Mary Clark Thompson of New York. She bequeathed it to her two nephews upon her death in 1923. It remained in the Clarks&#39; hands until 1992, used by the family primarily as a winter retreat and for hunting and fishing.</p><br>
<p>On November 19, 1971, Millford Plantation, also called the Governor John L. Manning House, was added to the National Register of Historic Places and on November 7, 1973, it was declared a National Historic Landmark, due to its historic and artistic importance.</p><br>
<p>The plantation is one of three National Historic Landmarks located on SC 261, the Kings Highway, in the High Hills of Santee. The other two are Borough House Plantation and the Church of the Holy Cross, both in Stateburg.</p><br>
<p>The house, along with 400 acres of surrounding land, was acquired in May 1992 from three of the Clark descendants and was meticulously restored by Richard Hampton Jenrette. He is one of the founders of the New York investment banking firm, Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, and a collateral descendant of Susan Hampton Manning. He referred to the estate as "the Taj Mahal of my dreams".</p><br>
<p>In 1995, Jenrette received a South Carolina Historic Preservation Award for Millford. In 2006 he received the Governor&#39;s Award for his work on Millford and the Robert William Roper House in Charleston, another National Historic Landmark which he owns and restored.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was donated in December 2008 to the Classical American Homes Preservation Trust, a foundation established by Jenrette to: "Preserve, protect and open to the public examples of classical American residential architecture, fine and decorative arts of the first half of the 19th century."</p><br>
<p>In 2012 the "Friends of Millford" was formed as a group of supporters who appreciate the site and are interested in preserving its legacy for future generations.</p><br>
<h2>Duncan Phyfe furnishings</h2><br>
<p>John and Susan Manning furnished Millford in the then fashionable Grecian style, including a considerable quantity of furniture made by Duncan Phyfe (one of Americas most celebrated cabinetmakers). Much of the furnishings are still in the house. The furniture belongs to the last phase of Duncan Phyfes career. This period was last studied before the 2011–2012 retrospective exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.</p><br>
<p>In 1840, John Laurence Manning made a trip to New York City where he likely visited Phyfe. Between 1840 and 1844, the Mannings placed four separate orders with D. Phyfe & Son (the name of Phyfe&#39;s company between 1840 and 1847) for a total of 72 objects. More than 50 of these remain at the house today.</p><br>
<p>This period in Phyfes work is characterized by the use of plainer bands of highly polished wood, with little carving, the use of volutes, deep cavetto cornices, simple square columns, Marlboro feet, and console supports (C-scrolls) that were known in the Phyfe shop simply as "Grecian scrolls". The latter, lifted directly from the design vocabulary of French Restoration furniture of the 1820s, were ubiquitous in Phyfes Grecian plain-style furniture.</p><br>
<p>Every room of the mansion was filled with D. Phyfe & Son furniture, as is documented by an 1841 letter and bill of lading from the firm. In most rooms the furniture was in a Grecian plain style. For the double parlor, the Phyfes created something new, blending the Grecian with Gothic and French Restoration-style overtones. This is unusual because the Phyfes did not engage generally with the emerging historical revival styles (Baroque, Gothic, Rococo, etc.) that began in the 1830s.</p><br>
<p>In the entrance hall, most of the furniture is made of walnut, an economical and durable wood. In the double parlors, however, it is mainly of rosewood, an expensive and exotic wood from South America. The use of luxury woods indicates that the double parlors were a space for formal entertaining, a place for the Mannings to display their taste and wealth.</p><br>
<p>In the dining room, the elliptical table, matching the shape of the room, is made of mahogany; it has four animal–paw feet and six leaves. The other pieces commissioned included, among others, 14 armchairs in the French Restoration style. It was uncommon to have armchairs at a dining table—usually there were armchairs only at the head and foot of the table, the others being side chairs.</p><br>
<p>When Richard Jenrette bought the property in 1992, less than half of the original furnishings remained in the mansion. Through research, documentation, and consultations with scholars, carried out over many years, he found and purchased much of the original furniture and returned it to its place. Other pieces were given by the descendants of the two families who had owned the plantation. This laborious process continues and more pieces are expected to be returned in the future.</p><br>
<p>Millford and its furnishings are remarkable in that the entire house was decorated with furniture commissioned from a single cabinetmaker (something uncommon in those days). It was one of the largest orders ever from D. Phyfe. Most pieces are preserved within the same building they were intended to complement and grace, making it unusual in the US.</p><br>
<p>The Reynolds Building is a 314 ft Art Deco skyscraper at 51 East 4th Street in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. It was completed in 1929 and has 21 floors with 313,996 ft&sup2; of space. For much of its history the building served as headquarters for R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company. After a sale to PMC Property Group in 2014, the building went through an estimated $60 million in renovations. In March 2016, The Residences @ the R.J. Reynolds Building, apartments located on the top 11 floors, opened. The first six floors opened as the Kimpton Cardinal Hotel in April. Katharine Brasserie & Bar, a restaurant named for Katharine Smith Reynolds, followed in May.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site of the Reynolds Building at Fourth and Main streets was previously home to Winston&#39;s first city hall, built in 1892 and used as the first Winston-Salem city hall after the 1913 merger with the town of Salem. When the city needed a larger city hall, the old one was torn down.</p><br>
<p>When completed for $2.7 million ($36.3 million in 2016 dollars) It succeeded the Nissen Building in Winston-Salem as the tallest building in North Carolina. Winston Tower succeeded the Reynolds Building as tallest in the state.</p><br>
<p>The building is well known for being a design inspiration for the much larger Empire State Building that was built in 1931 in New York City. There is a legend that every year the staff of the Empire State Building sends a Father&#39;s Day card to the staff at the Reynolds Building in Winston-Salem to pay homage to its role as predecessor to the Empire State Building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed, just as the Empire State Building, for the purpose of corporate offices with retail outlets on the first floor. Shreve & Lamb, the architects, were asked for "an effect of conservatism along with attractiveness, but to avoid flashiness." But regarding the result, a 1997 Winston-Salem Journal article said, "city residents could be forgiven for wondering whether the architects followed the directive" because "Gray-brown marble from Missouri, black marble from Belgium and buff-colored marble from France covered the walls and floor.</p><br>
<p>The ceiling was festooned with gold leaves, and the grillwork, elevator doors and door frames were bright, gleaming brass." The stock market crash of 1929 hurt the Reynolds Building&#39;s leasing business temporarily, but it was more successful than other similar buildings at leasing offices. Its promotional brochure said that the 14th, 15th, and fourth floors were reserved for doctors and dentists, but this might not have been the case. Most of the offices were occupied by organizations related to the tobacco industry, such as railroads, insurance companies, and attorneys.</p><br>
<h3>21st century</h3><br>
<p>On November 23, 2009 the Winston-Salem Journal reported that Reynolds American, Inc. put the building up for sale after cutting jobs and moving many offices into the Plaza Building next door. Forsyth County tax records showed the Reynolds Building&#39;s value as $12.3 million. The building offered 240,000 ft&sup2; of office space, much of that Class B.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, Davis-Weaver Restaurants and Hotels, which owned the Proximity and O. Henry hotels in nearby Greensboro, considered plans to turn the building into a luxury hotel for business travelers, but ultimately chose not to proceed.</p><br>
<p>In March 2013, Reynolds American selected CBRE to market the building, which the company intended to sell for $15 million. Philadelphia-based PMC Property Group, which renovates historic buildings, and San Francisco-based Kimpton Hotels & Restaurants Group bought the Reynolds Building for $7.8 million. Plans call for "a boutique hotel, restaurant and upscale apartments."</p><br>
<p>In August 2014, the Reynolds Building was named to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>On November 5, 2015, Kimpton said its Kimpton Cardinal Hotel would have 174 rooms on the building&#39;s first six floors, along with 36 suites, a fitness center, a restaurant and bar, and 6400 square feet of meeting space. On December 15, Kimpton said the restaurant on the ground floor, would be named Katharine Brasserie & Bar after Katharine Smith Reynolds, the wife of R.J. Reynolds, and that it would be separate from the hotel.</p><br>
<p>The 7th through 19th floors (there is no 13th floor because of superstition dating to the building&#39;s construction) opened in March as The Residences @ the R.J. Reynolds Building, with 20 apartments on the first four of those floors and six on the remaining floors. 65 percent would be 700 square feet with one bedroom and the rest would be 830 to 1000 square feet with two bedrooms. The 19th floor apartments are tied with those in the Nissen Building for highest residential space. Different elevators serve the hotel and the apartments. The 20th floor mezzanine would have meeting space and the top two floors would house mechanical equipment.</p><br>
<p>The Kimptons grand opening took place on April 27, 2016, the buildings 87th birthday. The restaurant opened on May 2.</p><br>
<p>The $60 million in renovations included the lobby that would look familiar to those who worked in the building decades ago, described this way in an article by Robert Lopez that appeared on the Winston-Salem Journal web site. Straight ahead from the main entrance is the elevator bank, gold and silver leaf ceiling overhead, and brass doors polished to a blinding finish. An octagonal hall just past the elevators is clad is St. Genevieve golden vein marble. All around is metalwork featuring stylized tobacco leaves and diamond patterns.</p><br>
<p>La Villita Historic Arts Village is an art community in downtown San Antonio, Texas, United States. There are art galleries, stores selling souvenirs, gifts, custom jewelry, pottery, and imported Mexican folk art, as well as several restaurants in the district. La Villita connects to the San Antonio River Walk and its outdoor venue, the Arneson River Theatre. It is close to the Alamo, the Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center, Rivercenter Mall, and HemisFair Park. It is within walking distance of most downtown hotels.</p><br>
<p>Located on the south bank of the San Antonio River, La Villita was one of San Antonios first neighborhoods. In 1939, as ground broke on the San Antonio River Walk development, city officials led by Mayor Maury Maverick acted to preserve this part of San Antonios history. It was a Native American settlement and then a collection of primitive brush huts, called jacales, for the Spanish soldiers (and their Indian wives and children) stationed nearby at the Mission San Antonio de Valero (an active mission from about 1718 to 1793, now better known as the Alamo). After a flood in 1819 washed away most of the huts, more substantial adobe houses replaced them.</p><br>
<p>Late in the 19th century, European immigrants from Germany, France, and Italy moved into the area and soon became active in business and trades: retailers, bankers, educators, and craftsmen. The variety of architectural styles seen in La Villita&#39;s buildings reflects the cultural mix, from the one-room homes of the poor to the larger houses of the prosperous.</p><br>
<p>La Villita deteriorated into a slum in the early part of the 20th century. During the Great Depression, work began on the River Walk, a make-work project funded by the Works Progress Administration which came close to La Villita. The project, led by Mayor Maury Maverick, sponsored a companion effort in 1939 by the National Youth Administration to restore and preserve this colorful part of San Antonio&#39;s history. The NYA offered classes in arts and crafts as part of its program.</p><br>
<p>Today La Villita is an arts community, and is included in the National Register of Historic Places listings in Bexar County, Texas. The galleries and shops found in one city block offer art by local and regional artists featuring oil paintings, sculptures, watercolors, metal art, rock art, textiles, copperwares, pottery, jewelry, stained glass, and regional folk art.</p><br>
<p>During four nights of the Fiesta San Antonio each April, La Villita is host to a Night in Old San Antonio with dozens of booths grouped to offer fifteen areas for various kinds of food, such as Sauerkraut Bend, China Town, Irish Flat, and the Mexican Market. The outdoor festival, with its narrow streets decorated with paper flowers and papel picado (cut paper banners), typically attracts 85,000 celebrants, many wearing costumes and unusual hats. The event is a major fundraiser for the San Antonio Conservation Society.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Twenty-seven houses or buildings are listed as notable in the district. Some of these are also notable individual listings.</p><br>
<p>The Naval Lodge Elks Building, also known as Naval Lodge No. 353 BPOE Temple is a historic building located at 131 East First Street, Port Angeles, Washington. It was first envisioned on September 28, 1896 when the city leaders of Port Angeles, Washington met with members of the Navy to found Naval Lodge No. 353 of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. The lodge also received special approval from the national Grand Lodge of Elks to become the only Elks Lodge in the country whose name was not based on its location. The lodge was built in 1927 following designs by architect J. Charles Stanley. When dedicated in 1928, the building was the largest fraternal lodge in the city. It is still used today as an Elks Lodge.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Clallam County Courthouse is located at 319 Lincoln Street in Port Angeles, Washington. It was built in 1914 and 1915, and officially dedicated on June 14, 1915. A 1979 expansion, connected to the historic courthouse by an enclosed bridge, now houses many of the official functions, including courts, public records, and a jail. The historic courthouse houses the Clallam County Museum and the county Parks, Fair and Facilities Department.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 and was added as a contributing properties to the Port Angeles Civic Historic District in 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Clallam County Courthouse is three stories high with a basement and tower and was built in the Classical Revival style. It was designed by architect Francis Grant, and built by the Sound Construction Company. The atrium is faced with marble and scagliola plaster; double curved stairs at each end lead up to the second floor. The county jail was originally located in the courthouse basement.</p><br>
<p>One hundred and twenty-six solar panels are mounted on the roof. The panels, originally installed in 1979, were replaced in 2011, and generate approximately one-fifth of the power consumed by the facility.</p><br>
<h2>Tower</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse features a combination bell tower/clock tower that rises to 82 ft above ground level. The massive clock system (the four faces are each 8 ft in diameter) was not originally intended for Clallam County. It was manufactured in 1880 and shipped all the way around Cape Horn to Seattle. However, no buyer claimed it, and the clock was subsequently warehoused at the Seattle docks for 29 years. Discovered in storage by architect Francis Grant, it was purchased by the county for $5,115. When installed, it was connected to a 4 ft tall, one-ton iron bell.</p><br>
<p>The tower and clock were renovated in winter 2010–2011 as part of a $1.025 million courthouse restoration project. The Clallam County Courthouse&#39;s clock/bell tower is featured on the seal of Clallam County.</p><br>
<p>Craftsman Farms is a historic house located in Parsippany-Troy Hills, Morris County, New Jersey, United States. It was founded by noted early 20th century designer Gustav Stickley as a farm and school for the Arts and Crafts movement. It remained in use until 1915 when it was sold to a family and became a private house.</p><br>
<p>When threatened by development in 1989, the home was purchased by the Township of Parsippany-Troy Hills through eminent domain. The property is operated as a museum, also known as the, and is operated by the Craftsman Farms Foundation.</p><br>
<h2>History of the house</h2><br>
<p>Craftsman Farms is a log house built in 1911, and the site, which consists of 26 acre of the original 650 acre tract, has been designated a National Historic Landmark. Craftsman Farms is also an Official Project of Save Americas Treasures, a public-private partnership between the White House Millennium Council and the National Trust for Historic Preservation, dedicated to the preservation of our nations irreplaceable historic and cultural treasures for future generations.</p><br>
<p>Around 1905 Stickley moved his headquarters from Syracuse to New York City. In 1908 he began acquiring the property on what is now the western edge of Parsippany-Troy Hills, an area formerly part of Morris Plains, where he envisioned establishing a farm school for boys. The focal point of his "Garden of Eden" was a large, log house constructed of hewn chestnut logs found on-site and local stone also found on-site.</p><br>
<p>Stickley originally designed the main house at Craftsman Farms as a "club house", a gathering place for workers, students and guests. In its huge kitchen, meals could be prepared for 100 people. The living and dining rooms, reaching fully 50 ft and warmed by copper-hooded fireplaces, made ideal meeting rooms. The porch opened to a vista of the farm and brought in light and air. The house is T-shaped, with a one-story kitchen attached to the rear. The large gabled roof has long shed dormers at the front and back, which allow for light and ventilation in the bedrooms.</p><br>
<p>A separate home for the Stickley family was originally planned to be built further up the hill. When Stickley decided that the school&#39;s opening would have to be delayed for several years, he modified the upstairs plans to accommodate his family, consisting of his wife, Eda, five daughters and a son.</p><br>
<p>Stickley designed Craftsman Farms to be self-sufficient, with gardens for vegetables and flowers, orchards, dairy cows and chickens; the produce grown on the farm was used in the restaurant operated by Stickley as part of his furniture showroom and department store in Manhattan. Stickley commuted to his New York showroom by train from Morris Plains.</p><br>
<p>The property contains numerous support buildings including craft workshops, stables, a dairy barn, chicken coop, other farm buildings, and three cottage dwellings.</p><br>
<p>Stickley and his family lived at Craftsman Farms until 1915, when he filed for bankruptcy after several years of financial difficulties. By then the taste of the American people that 15 years earlier had embraced the clean, strong lines of Craftsman furniture changed, this time towards the revival of early American and other styles.</p><br>
<p>In 1917, Major George and Sylvia Wurlitzer Farny purchased the property in the bankruptcy sale and their descendants lived on or owned the property until 1989. After Stickley left Craftsman Farms, the Farny family maintained the farm in Stickley&#39;s tradition, adapting certain interior features for modern family life. When the property was threatened with development for 52 town houses, the Township of Parsippany-Troy Hills, with the encouragement of community groups and others interested in the importance of the site, obtained the property through eminent domain.</p><br>
<p>The T. Thomas Fortune House, also known historically as Maple Hall, is a historic house at 94 Drs. James Parker Boulevard in Red Bank, Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. Built in the mid-19th century, it was the home of Timothy Thomas Fortune , a leading African-American journalist and civil rights advocate, from 1901 to 1908. The house was named a National Historic Landmark in 1976. It is now owned by a nonprofit organization dedicated to preserving and promoting Fortune&#39;s legacy of activism and community involvement.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The T. Thomas Fortune House is located southwest of downtown Red Bank, on the north side of Drs. James Parker Boulevard near its junction with Willow Street. The house is an eclectically styled Victorian wood-frame structure, with two full stories and a third underneath a mansard roof. It is an L-shaped structure, with a projecting section to the left and a single-story porch across the front to its right. The porch and a polygonal window bay on the projection feature Italianate doubled brackets in their eaves. The mansard roof is pierced by gabled dormers.</p><br>
<p>The house appears to have been built in stages in the mid-19th century, by James Bergen on a foundation that dates to the 18th century. It was rented by T. Thomas Fortune in 1901, and was home to his family until 1908. Fortune separated from his family and moved out in that year, and his wife and son remained until 1911. The Fortunes named the property "Maple Hall", and made it a center of the local African-American community, hosting social, cultural and political events. After the Fortunes moved out, the house was owned for many years by the Vaccarrelli family, who operated a bakery.</p><br>
<p>The house, then in poor condition, was threatened with demolition in 2016. A development plan authorized the construction of a housing complex on part of the property, with the house itself to be restored and donated to a local nonprofit. The T. Thomas Fortune Foundation and Cultural Center opened in the restored house in 2019.</p><br>
<p>Hangar One is one of the world&#39;s largest freestanding structures, covering 8 acre at Moffett Field near Mountain View, California in the San Francisco Bay Area.</p><br>
<p>The massive hangar has long been one of the most recognizable landmarks of California&#39;s Silicon Valley. It was built in the 1930s as a naval airship hangar for and is now part of the NASA Ames Research Center.</p><br>
<h2>Design and construction</h2><br>
<p>Designed by German air ship and structural engineer Dr. Karl Arnstein, Vice President and Director of Engineering for the Goodyear Zeppelin Corporation of Akron, Ohio, in collaboration with Wilbur Watson Associates Architects and Engineers of Cleveland, Ohio, Hangar One is constructed on a network of steel girders sheathed with galvanized steel. It rests firmly upon a reinforced pad anchored to concrete pilings. The floor covers 8 acre and can accommodate six 360 by American football fields. The airship hangar measures 1,133 ft long and 308 ft wide. The building has an aerodynamic architecture. Its walls curve inward to form an elongated approximate catenary form 198 ft high. The clam-shell doors were designed to reduce turbulence when Macon moved in and out on windy days. The "orange peel" doors, weighing 200 shortton each, are moved by their own 150 hp motors operated via an electrical control panel.</p><br>
<p>The hangar&#39;s interior is so large that fog sometimes forms near the ceiling.</p><br>
<p>Standard gauge tracks run through the length of the hangar. During the period of lighter-than-air dirigibles and non-rigid aircraft, the rails extended across the apron and into the fields at each end of the hangar. This tramway facilitated the transportation of an airship on the mooring mast to the hangar interior or to the flight position. During the brief period that Macon was based at Moffett, Hangar One accommodated not only the giant airship but several smaller non-rigid lighter-than-air craft simultaneously.</p><br>
<h3>Similar structures</h3><br>
<p>Hangar One is similar to the Goodyear Airdock in Akron, Ohio which was built by the Goodyear Zeppelin Corporation in 1929. At the time the Goodyear Airdock was built, the structure, located in Northeast Ohio, was the largest building in the world without interior supports. It provided an unusually extensive room for the construction of "lighter-than-air" ships (airships, dirigibles, or blimps). The first two airships to be constructed and launched at the Goodyear Airdock were and its sister ship, Macon, built in 1931 and 1933, respectively. These two airships were 785 ft in length.</p><br>
<p>Other historic references date back to Europe. An outstanding example are the two hangars d&#39;Orly for dirigibles at Orly Air Base near Paris. They were designed and built in 1921–1922 by French structural and civil engineer Eugène Freyssinet, the major pioneer of prestressed concrete, and destroyed in World War II.</p><br>
<p>Another remarkable example of a similar concrete construction are the two airplane hangars for the Italian Air Force in Orvieto, Italy, by Italian architect and structural engineer Pier Luigi Nervi, designed in 1935 and built in 1938. They were also destroyed during World War II.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On February 24, 1994, the Shenandoah Plaza National Historic District, including Hangar One, was accepted into the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>On May 20, 2008, Hangar One was listed as one of the 11 most endangered historic places in the USA by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<p>Plans to convert it to a space and science center were put on hold with the discovery in 2003 that the structure was leaking toxic chemicals into the sediment in wetlands bordering San Francisco Bay. The chemicals originated in the lead paint and toxic materials, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), used to coat the hangar. Proposed options included tearing down the hangar and reusing the land, or cleaning the toxic waste from the site and refurbishing the hangar for future preservation. An offer to clean the hangar and coat its outsides with solar panels to recoup the costs of cleaning was proposed by a private company, but the plan never saw fruition due to its cost.</p><br>
<p>In December 2010, the Navy began remediating the PCBs, lead and asbestos, and NASA was evaluating options for reuse of the hangar. There was an overwhelming desire from the local community for the hangar to be preserved as a historic landmark,</p><br>
<p>In October 2011, Google top executives Larry Page, Sergey Brin and Eric Schmidt proposed paying the full $33 million (equivalent to $ in ) cost of revamping Hangar One, in exchange for being able to use up to two-thirds of the floor space to shelter eight of their private jets.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, NASA and the General Services Administration selected Planetary Ventures (a subsidiary of Google) to manage Hangar One and Moffett airfield, and Google will pay $1.16 billion over 60 years for the lease.</p><br>
<p>In May 2016, Google announced that it is prepared to begin testing different techniques to remove the toxic chemicals from the hangar. In May 2017, it was announced that the restoration of the hangar would be completed in 2025.</p><br>
<p>The U.S Post Office, also known as the Federal Building and the Old Post Office, is a historic building located at 138 West 1st Street in Port Angeles, Washington which was built in 1931–1933.</p><br>
<p>A Post Office had been established in Port Angeles since 1860, but had no permanent home and moved several times. The land for the Post Office and Federal building was originally occupied by a squatter for whom the city raised funds to build a new house at a different location. The cost of the building was $124,807. In 1978 the growing community of Port Angeles constructed a new post office in which all mail operation were moved.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The State Bank of North Carolina is the oldest surviving commercial building in Raleigh, North Carolina and was the first state-sponsored banking institution constructed in North Carolina. The bank was incorporated in 1810, but during the War of 1812 cash was moved inland to banks in Raleigh and Tarboro for fears that the British Army would attack the coast. The increase in money deposits resulted in the State Bank&#39;s construction in 1813. Jacob Johnson, the father of future President Andrew Johnson, was once employed at the bank. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 and is a Raleigh Historic Landmark. It is located in the Capitol Area Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The design of the State Bank is influenced by the Federal and Greek Revival styles of architecture. The brick building features matching two-story porticos on the east and west sides, supported by columns. For sixty years the building was used for banking until the Christ Episcopal Church acquired the facility in 1873 to use as a rectory. In 1968 the North Carolina National Bank, a predecessor of Bank of America, purchased the building and moved it 100 ft (30 m) for use as the banks downtown branch. The building was moved to make room for an addition to the Christ Churchs parish facility. In 1976 the building was home to the State Commission in charge of North Carolina&#39;s bicentennial celebration. Currently, the building is still being used as a bank. The State Employees Credit Union are the current owners.</p><br>
<p>Estey Hall is a historic building on the campus of Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina. It was the first building constructed for the higher education of African-American women in the United States. Built in 1873, Estey Hall is the oldest surviving building at Shaw, which is the oldest historically black college in the South and was the second institution of higher learning established for freedmen after the Civil War. The building, originally known as "Estey Seminary," was named in honor of Jacob Estey, the largest donor to the construction project. Estey Hall, located in the East Raleigh-South Park Historic District, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and is a Raleigh Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Henry Martin Tupper, a Union Army chaplain and Baptist missionary, founded the school in 1865 for the education of former slaves. Students and faculty originally met in a hotel room due to the lack of funding for land and buildings. In 1870, the school received a donation from philanthropist Elijah J. Shaw, and with the money the school was able to purchase land near Fayetteville Street. The school was chartered in 1875 by the North Carolina General Assembly and given the official title of Shaw University. By educating young people, the school assisted in the rise of the black middle class that arose in late 19th century Raleigh. Shaw University educated many of the region&#39;s black politicians and business leaders, such as M.T. Pope.</p><br>
<p>When Shaw first opened, women were not allowed to attend the school. After a few years the school became coeducational, creating a need for a women&#39;s facility. School administrators chose George S. H. Appleget, architect of large homes in Raleigh including the Heck-Andrews House, to design the new building. The result was a four-story brick building with a cross-gable roof topped off with a frame cupola. In 1882, the three-story south annex was added. Estey Hall contained the home economics, music, art, and religion classes.</p><br>
<p>Shaw students attended classes at Estey Hall until 1970. Deterioration had taken a toll on the building, forcing its closure after 97 years of service. Plans were made to tear down the building. The Estey Hall Foundation was then founded to halt demolition and restore the building to its original appearance.</p><br>
<p>The Seguine Mansion, also known as the Seguine-Burke Mansion, is located on Lemon Creek near the southern shore of Staten Island, New York City. The Greek Revival house is one of the few surviving examples of 19th-century life on Staten Island. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a member of the Historic House Trust.</p><br>
<p>James Seguine is believed to have purchased property near Lemon Creek between 1780 and 1786, and his grandson Joseph H. Seguine built the house on the property in 1838. At the time, he added a hay barn, carriage house and stables. Joseph was a prominent businessman in the area, founding several companies including the Staten Island Railroad company. He died in 1856. In 1868, the family was forced to sell the house and land. In 1916, descendants were able to repurchase the house and it remained in the family until 1981.</p><br>
<p>In 1981 the house was in serious need of repair, and was sold to George Burke, who had previously restored other historic buildings in the community. Burke not only saved the building but also ensured that the property would not be subdivided. The renovation of the outside of the house took more than five years and sixty gallons of paint. Burke filled the house with his elaborate collection of art and furnishings, many acquired during his years in England after World War II, while he was in the Air Force. After restoring the house and establishing an equestrian center at the site, Burke donated the Seguine Mansion to the City of New York in 1989, and retains a life interest in the site.</p><br>
<p>The New York City Parks Department owns the house. Tours are scheduled by Friends of the Seguine Mansion, by appointment only. The Friends of Seguine Mansion is a not-for-profit 501(c)(3) organization formed for the purpose to own, operate, manage, and do everything normally associated with conducting the business of fund-raising for the care and maintenance of the Seguine Mansion residence and grounds, together with the power to solicit grants and contributions for the corporate purposes.</p><br>
<p>St. Stanislaus Seminary is a former Society of Jesus  seminary that was founded in 1823 on the outskirts of Florissant, Missouri within the current municipal limits of Hazelwood, Missouri. It was the longest continuously operated Jesuit novitiate in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Working life</h3><br>
<p>In 1823 Belgian Jesuit Charles Felix Van Quickenborne, Novice Master of St. Thomas Manor in St. Charles County, Maryland, came to Florissant at the invitation of Bishop Louis William Valentine DuBourg. Accompanying him were another priest, seven Jesuit novices, three lay-brothers, and three African-American enslaved couples: Moses and Nancy Queen, Thomas and Molly Brown, and Isaac and Susan Hawkins. Van Quickenbourne was placed in charge of the Parish of the Sacred Heart.</p><br>
<p>The seminary began in 1823 as St. Francis Regis Seminary, a mission school for indigenous children, comprising some log buildings and a large farm worked by the enslaved people to support the missionaries. As the indigenous people moved farther west and south, the school ceased operation in 1831, and the onsite novitiate was expanded. It was named for Stanislaus Kostka.</p><br>
<p>The main building, now known as the Old Rock Building, was built from 1840 to 1849 from limestone quarried by the Jesuits and the enslaved people. It became the novitiate. Pierre-Jean De Smet was a student at St. Stanislaus, as well as Peter Joseph Arnoudt. and Adrian Hoecken.</p><br>
<p>The seminary was closed in 1971 due to fewer religious vocations and the post-Vatican II movement to urban areas. Two years earlier, it had already transferred its collegiate program to Saint Louis University. Most of what was left of the property, 35 acre, was sold to the Missouri District of the United Pentecostal Church International, and then the property housed Urshan College (formerly Gateway College of Evangelism) and Urshan Graduate School of Theology. The Old Rock Building and 4 acre of land remained Jesuit property until 2003.</p><br>
<h3>Museum</h3><br>
<p>In 1973, the seminary became the Museum of the Western Jesuit Missions, but closed again in 2001, the museum moving to Saint Louis University to become part of the Museum of Art there. Among other items, the museum contained two oil paintings from 1933 by John A. Mallin, one of Ignatius Loyola and the other, Francis Xavier, which stood at the entrance to the chapel.</p><br>
<h2>The property</h2><br>
<p>The property was largely self-sufficient in its day. The still-standing Rock Building was built by the priests, novices and enslaved workers. Limestone was quarried from the banks of the Missouri River; the walls are 3 ft thick. Wood came from walnut, logged from the property, and the bricks were fired on site. The seminary had an orchard, a chicken ranch, a cattle barn, wheat fields, vineyards, a butcher shop, a creamery, and a bakery. The former farm property is now owned by Saint Louis County, which leases it to the Missouri Department of Conservation as a conservation area, with hiking trails.</p><br>
<p>The A. C. Trumbo House is a house in Muskogee, Oklahoma, United States. It was built in 1906 for Arthur C. Trumbo as a replica of one of Mark Twain&#39;s houses and is on the National Register of Historic Places. The plot on which it stands was originally in the Creek Nation, Indian territory, before it was incorporated into Oklahoma on November 16, 1907.</p><br>
<p>It is a two-and-a-half-story house that is approximately 60 ft by 100 ft in size. It includes some elements of Prairie Style architecture: long eaves "creating a horizontal quality", several banded windows, the central portion lifted higher than flanking wings, a floral-patterned stained glass window.</p><br>
<h2>NRHP Application discussion</h2><br>
<p>This was one of five historic residences that were nominated in a group, titled "Territorial Homes of Muskogee." The houses in this group include:</p><br>
<p>A. C. Trumbo House,</p><br>
<p>J.C. Welch House,</p><br>
<p>A. W. Patterson Home,</p><br>
<p>Coss Home, and</p><br>
<p>Murphy Home.</p><br>
<p>All of these houses were built in the same time period (1904-1907), shortly before the end of the Territorial Period. They are all in good condition and continue in service as residences. There have been no alterations significant enough to disturb their historic character.</p><br>
<p>Text of the badly faded sign reads: "This home, at 1321 West Broadway, built in 1906 by A.C. Trumbo, is a replica of one of Mark Twains homes. Mr. Trumbo was the son-in-law of A.W. Patterson, and both men were pioneer bankers and promoters of Muskogee and early Arkansas River navigation. Together these two men provided the financing for Muskogees Convention Hall, scene of the Trans-Mississippi Congress of 1907."</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance of A. C. Trumbo</h2><br>
<p>Trumbo and Patterson had co-founded the Bank of Muskogee in 1901, before Oklahoma became a state. At the time the Trumbo house was built, Muskogee was within the Creek Nation in Indian Territory. It was the most populous and most commercially important city in the Territory. The two men provided financing for Muskogee&#39;s Convention Hall, which was built in 1907 to house the Trans-Mississippi Commercial Convention. Trumbo succeeded Patterson as president of Bank of Muskogee in 1918.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The A.C. Trumbo House was built in 1906, based on the design of a house belonging to Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain) that Mr. and Mrs. Trumbo visited during their honeymoon. The architecture includes elements of the Prairie style, such as:</p><br>
<p>a central portion that rises slightly above the flanking wings,</p><br>
<p>eaves extending well beyond the walls to create a horizontal quality,</p><br>
<p>brick and stucco extending walls that delineate the entrance and rear terrace,</p><br>
<p>leaded glass sidelights that flank the entry door,</p><br>
<p>a floriated stained glass window serving as the focal point of the facade.</p><br>
